Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main focus of Clinical Pathology?
What is the main focus of Clinical Pathology?
- Utilizing antibodies to highlight cells containing corresponding antigens
- Analyzing bodily fluids using tools of chemistry, microbiology, hematology, and immunology (correct)
- Analyzing organs and tissues under a microscope
- Conducting histochemical evaluation of tissues
What is the purpose of tissue fixation in the direct diagnostic examination process?
What is the purpose of tissue fixation in the direct diagnostic examination process?
- Documents details of the specimen
- Prevents autolysis and degradation of the tissue sample and its components (correct)
- Removes water to make the tissue firmer
- Embeds formalin-fixed tissue in paraffin wax
What does Anatomic Pathology mainly involve?
What does Anatomic Pathology mainly involve?
- Utilization of stains to highlight components within the tissue
- Highlighting cells containing corresponding antigens
- Evaluation of bodily fluids using chemistry, microbiology, and immunology
- Analysis of organs/tissue removed from the body by various methods (correct)
What is the purpose of tissue processing in the direct diagnostic examination process?
What is the purpose of tissue processing in the direct diagnostic examination process?
What are the two types of fluid accumulation in the body?
What are the two types of fluid accumulation in the body?
What is the etiology of left-sided heart failure?
What is the etiology of left-sided heart failure?
What are the clinical features of right-sided heart failure?
What are the clinical features of right-sided heart failure?
What is the normal range of serum osmolality?
What is the normal range of serum osmolality?
Where are the osmoreceptors located in the body?
Where are the osmoreceptors located in the body?
Which hormone is released from the pituitary in response to increasing osmolality?
Which hormone is released from the pituitary in response to increasing osmolality?
What components are included in Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)?
What components are included in Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)?
What components are included in Complete Metabolic Panel (CMP)?
What components are included in Complete Metabolic Panel (CMP)?
What are the clinical features of electrolyte imbalances?
What are the clinical features of electrolyte imbalances?
Which type of white blood cell is predominantly involved in acute inflammation?
Which type of white blood cell is predominantly involved in acute inflammation?
What are Light's criteria used to differentiate between in pleural effusions?
What are Light's criteria used to differentiate between in pleural effusions?
Which phase of wound healing involves capillary proliferation and myofibroblast activation?
Which phase of wound healing involves capillary proliferation and myofibroblast activation?
What are specific complications and outcomes of wound healing?
What are specific complications and outcomes of wound healing?
Which type of hemorrhage is characterized by small, pinpoint-sized skin discolorations?
Which type of hemorrhage is characterized by small, pinpoint-sized skin discolorations?
Which category of tissues has the ability to regenerate and includes examples like the skin and gastrointestinal epithelium?
Which category of tissues has the ability to regenerate and includes examples like the skin and gastrointestinal epithelium?
Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in chronic inflammation?
Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in chronic inflammation?
Which process is a key component of wound healing and involves collagen remodeling?
Which process is a key component of wound healing and involves collagen remodeling?
What type of hemorrhage is characterized by large, subcutaneous bruises?
What type of hemorrhage is characterized by large, subcutaneous bruises?
Which type of white blood cell is associated with allergic reactions and parasitic infections?
Which type of white blood cell is associated with allergic reactions and parasitic infections?
Which phase of wound healing involves the formation of new blood vessels and granulation tissue?
Which phase of wound healing involves the formation of new blood vessels and granulation tissue?
Which type of hemorrhage is characterized by a localized collection of blood, often due to trauma?
Which type of hemorrhage is characterized by a localized collection of blood, often due to trauma?
Which type of necrosis is associated with ischemia in peripheral artery disease?
Which type of necrosis is associated with ischemia in peripheral artery disease?
What are the nuclei in necrotic cells capable of exhibiting?
What are the nuclei in necrotic cells capable of exhibiting?
Which type of injury can lead to contusion and ecchymoses?
Which type of injury can lead to contusion and ecchymoses?
How are burns categorized based on their severity?
How are burns categorized based on their severity?
What causes cellular damage in frostbite?
What causes cellular damage in frostbite?
Which compounds are associated with specific types of cancer?
Which compounds are associated with specific types of cancer?
What does Cause of Death (COD) refer to?
What does Cause of Death (COD) refer to?
What are the categories of manner of death?
What are the categories of manner of death?
What does innate immunity include?
What does innate immunity include?
What is specific to adaptive immunity?
What is specific to adaptive immunity?
What does humoral immunity involve?
What does humoral immunity involve?
What is involved in cell-mediated immunity?
What is involved in cell-mediated immunity?
Which phase of wound healing involves the formation of new blood vessels and granulation tissue?
Which phase of wound healing involves the formation of new blood vessels and granulation tissue?
What is the most common reason for sample rejection in the laboratory?
What is the most common reason for sample rejection in the laboratory?
What is transudate defined as?
What is transudate defined as?
Which type of pathology focuses on diseases of children?
Which type of pathology focuses on diseases of children?
What are Histochemical stains like Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) used for?
What are Histochemical stains like Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) used for?
Which cardiac marker has specific detection, peak, and normalization times?
Which cardiac marker has specific detection, peak, and normalization times?
What do terms like hyperemia and congestion refer to?
What do terms like hyperemia and congestion refer to?
What are the different types of fluid distribution in the body?
What are the different types of fluid distribution in the body?
What is the purpose of Histochemical stains like Luxol Blue fast and Gomorri Methamine silver?
What is the purpose of Histochemical stains like Luxol Blue fast and Gomorri Methamine silver?
What are the definitions provided in Laboratory Medicine?
What are the definitions provided in Laboratory Medicine?
Which phase of laboratory testing involves sample collection and preparation?
Which phase of laboratory testing involves sample collection and preparation?
What is the term for a localized collection of fluid in the pleural cavity?
What is the term for a localized collection of fluid in the pleural cavity?
What is the main focus of Anatomic Pathology?
What is the main focus of Anatomic Pathology?
Which staining technique involves the use of antibodies to highlight cells containing the corresponding antigen?
Which staining technique involves the use of antibodies to highlight cells containing the corresponding antigen?
What is the purpose of tissue processing in the direct diagnostic examination of tissues?
What is the purpose of tissue processing in the direct diagnostic examination of tissues?
What is the first step in the direct diagnostic examination of tissues?
What is the first step in the direct diagnostic examination of tissues?
Which stain is commonly used for visualizing myelin in the central nervous system?
Which stain is commonly used for visualizing myelin in the central nervous system?
Which cardiac marker is known for its high specificity to cardiac tissue?
Which cardiac marker is known for its high specificity to cardiac tissue?
What is the most common reason for sample rejection in the laboratory?
What is the most common reason for sample rejection in the laboratory?
Which phase of laboratory testing involves the actual testing of the sample?
Which phase of laboratory testing involves the actual testing of the sample?
What is the term for a localized collection of fluid in the pericardial cavity?
What is the term for a localized collection of fluid in the pericardial cavity?
What type of fluid accumulation is characterized by high protein, high LDH, and high cellularity?
What type of fluid accumulation is characterized by high protein, high LDH, and high cellularity?
Which term refers to an abnormal increase in the volume of blood in a particular tissue or organ?
Which term refers to an abnormal increase in the volume of blood in a particular tissue or organ?
What are the two main types of fluid compartments in the body?
What are the two main types of fluid compartments in the body?
Which term refers to a generalized edema affecting the whole body?
Which term refers to a generalized edema affecting the whole body?
What is the term for a filtrate of plasma with low protein, low LDH, and low cellularity?
What is the term for a filtrate of plasma with low protein, low LDH, and low cellularity?
Which pressure primarily results from the presence of proteins in the blood and tends to pull fluid into the circulatory system?
Which pressure primarily results from the presence of proteins in the blood and tends to pull fluid into the circulatory system?
Which phase of wound healing involves the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts and the synthesis of collagen?
Which phase of wound healing involves the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts and the synthesis of collagen?
Which type of necrosis is associated with ischemia in peripheral artery disease?
Which type of necrosis is associated with ischemia in peripheral artery disease?
What are the nuclei in necrotic cells capable of exhibiting?
What are the nuclei in necrotic cells capable of exhibiting?
What are burns categorized as based on their severity?
What are burns categorized as based on their severity?
What causes cellular damage in frostbite?
What causes cellular damage in frostbite?
What are the carcinogenic compounds associated with specific types of cancer?
What are the carcinogenic compounds associated with specific types of cancer?
What does Cause of Death (COD) refer to?
What does Cause of Death (COD) refer to?
What does the manner of death refer to?
What does the manner of death refer to?
What does innate immunity include?
What does innate immunity include?
What does adaptive immunity involve?
What does adaptive immunity involve?
What type of injuries can blunt force cause?
What type of injuries can blunt force cause?
What are accumulations within cells capable of including?
What are accumulations within cells capable of including?
Which type of white blood cell is predominantly involved in acute inflammation?
Which type of white blood cell is predominantly involved in acute inflammation?
Which phase of wound healing involves scar formation and tissue repair?
Which phase of wound healing involves scar formation and tissue repair?
Which type of hemorrhage is characterized by small, pinpoint skin discolorations?
Which type of hemorrhage is characterized by small, pinpoint skin discolorations?
Which cells play a significant role in chronic inflammation?
Which cells play a significant role in chronic inflammation?
Which criteria are used to differentiate between exudative and transudative pleural effusions?
Which criteria are used to differentiate between exudative and transudative pleural effusions?
Which type of tissue is capable of regeneration?
Which type of tissue is capable of regeneration?
Which process involves the activation of myofibroblasts and capillary proliferation?
Which process involves the activation of myofibroblasts and capillary proliferation?
Which specific complication is an outcome of wound healing characterized by excessive granulation tissue?
Which specific complication is an outcome of wound healing characterized by excessive granulation tissue?
Which cells are involved in the combined response of inflammation to protect the body?
Which cells are involved in the combined response of inflammation to protect the body?
Which cells are primarily involved in the immune response against infectious agents?
Which cells are primarily involved in the immune response against infectious agents?
Which cells are predominantly involved in the chronic phase of inflammation?
Which cells are predominantly involved in the chronic phase of inflammation?
Which phase of wound healing involves the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts?
Which phase of wound healing involves the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts?
Which of the following is a clinical feature of left-sided heart failure?
Which of the following is a clinical feature of left-sided heart failure?
Where are the osmoreceptors located in the body?
Where are the osmoreceptors located in the body?
What type of fluid accumulation is associated with increased vascular permeability?
What type of fluid accumulation is associated with increased vascular permeability?
Which hormone is released from the pituitary in response to increasing osmolality?
Which hormone is released from the pituitary in response to increasing osmolality?
What is the normal range of serum osmolality?
What is the normal range of serum osmolality?
Which type of heart failure is associated with chronic passive congestion of the lungs?
Which type of heart failure is associated with chronic passive congestion of the lungs?
What are the components of Complete Metabolic Panel (CMP)?
What are the components of Complete Metabolic Panel (CMP)?
What is the etiology of right-sided heart failure?
What is the etiology of right-sided heart failure?
What is the pathology associated with left-sided heart failure?
What is the pathology associated with left-sided heart failure?
What are the clinical features of right-sided heart failure?
What are the clinical features of right-sided heart failure?
What are the components of Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)?
What are the components of Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)?
What are the types of fluid accumulation in the body?
What are the types of fluid accumulation in the body?
What is the main purpose of tissue processing in the direct diagnostic examination of tissues?
What is the main purpose of tissue processing in the direct diagnostic examination of tissues?
What is the term for the evaluation of organs or tissues with the naked eye?
What is the term for the evaluation of organs or tissues with the naked eye?
Which stains are used in Histochemical evaluation to highlight components within the tissue?
Which stains are used in Histochemical evaluation to highlight components within the tissue?
What is the key function of Fixation in the direct diagnostic examination of tissues?
What is the key function of Fixation in the direct diagnostic examination of tissues?
Which of the following is a category of burns based on its severity?
Which of the following is a category of burns based on its severity?
What is the term for the type of necrosis associated with ischemia often due to peripheral artery disease in the fingers, toes, and limbs?
What is the term for the type of necrosis associated with ischemia often due to peripheral artery disease in the fingers, toes, and limbs?
What are the two types of immunity mentioned in the text?
What are the two types of immunity mentioned in the text?
Which phase of wound healing involves the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts?
Which phase of wound healing involves the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts?
What are the accumulations within cells mentioned in the text?
What are the accumulations within cells mentioned in the text?
Which pressure primarily results from the presence of proteins in the blood and tends to pull fluid into the circulatory system?
Which pressure primarily results from the presence of proteins in the blood and tends to pull fluid into the circulatory system?
Which type of injury can lead to ecchymoses?
Which type of injury can lead to ecchymoses?
What is the term for a localized collection of fluid in the pleural cavity?
What is the term for a localized collection of fluid in the pleural cavity?
Which carcinogenic compound is associated with specific types of cancer mentioned in the text?
Which carcinogenic compound is associated with specific types of cancer mentioned in the text?
What are the nuclei in necrotic cells capable of exhibiting?
What are the nuclei in necrotic cells capable of exhibiting?
What does Cause of Death (COD) refer to?
What does Cause of Death (COD) refer to?
What are the two main types of fluid compartments in the body?
What are the two main types of fluid compartments in the body?
What is the term for the manner of death involving self-inflicted injury?
What is the term for the manner of death involving self-inflicted injury?
What is the purpose of tissue processing in the direct diagnostic examination process?
What is the purpose of tissue processing in the direct diagnostic examination process?
What is the term for the immunity that includes B-cells and T-cells?
What is the term for the immunity that includes B-cells and T-cells?
What is the main focus of Anatomic Pathology?
What is the main focus of Anatomic Pathology?
What is the term for the manner of death resulting from the actions of another person?
What is the term for the manner of death resulting from the actions of another person?
What are the components of Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)?
What are the components of Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)?
Which type of necrosis is associated with a caseous center?
Which type of necrosis is associated with a caseous center?
What is specific to adaptive immunity?
What is specific to adaptive immunity?
What type of immunity includes physical and chemical barriers and inducible immunity?
What type of immunity includes physical and chemical barriers and inducible immunity?
What are the clinical features of right-sided heart failure?
What are the clinical features of right-sided heart failure?
What are the categories of manner of death?
What are the categories of manner of death?
What are the clinical features of electrolyte imbalances?
What are the clinical features of electrolyte imbalances?
Which of the following is a clinical feature of left-sided heart failure?
Which of the following is a clinical feature of left-sided heart failure?
Where are the osmoreceptors located in the body?
Where are the osmoreceptors located in the body?
Which hormone is released from the pituitary in response to increasing osmolality?
Which hormone is released from the pituitary in response to increasing osmolality?
What components are included in Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)?
What components are included in Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)?
What are the types of fluid accumulation in the body?
What are the types of fluid accumulation in the body?
What is the normal range of serum osmolality?
What is the normal range of serum osmolality?
Which of the following is a clinical feature of right-sided heart failure?
Which of the following is a clinical feature of right-sided heart failure?
What components are included in Complete Metabolic Panel (CMP)?
What components are included in Complete Metabolic Panel (CMP)?
What is the etiology of left-sided heart failure?
What is the etiology of left-sided heart failure?
What is the pathology associated with left-sided heart failure?
What is the pathology associated with left-sided heart failure?
What are the clinical features of electrolyte imbalances?
What are the clinical features of electrolyte imbalances?
What is the location of osmoreceptors in the body?
What is the location of osmoreceptors in the body?
Which type of white blood cell is predominantly involved in acute inflammation?
Which type of white blood cell is predominantly involved in acute inflammation?
What are the specific complications and outcomes of wound healing?
What are the specific complications and outcomes of wound healing?
What is the term for a localized collection of fluid in the pleural cavity?
What is the term for a localized collection of fluid in the pleural cavity?
Which cells are primarily involved in the immune response against infectious agents?
Which cells are primarily involved in the immune response against infectious agents?
Which phase of wound healing involves the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts?
Which phase of wound healing involves the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts?
What is the key process in wound healing involving the activation of myofibroblasts and capillary proliferation?
What is the key process in wound healing involving the activation of myofibroblasts and capillary proliferation?
What are Light's criteria used to differentiate between?
What are Light's criteria used to differentiate between?
What is the term for a localized collection of blood, often due to trauma?
What is the term for a localized collection of blood, often due to trauma?
What is the term for the evaluation of organs or tissues with the naked eye?
What is the term for the evaluation of organs or tissues with the naked eye?
Which type of hemorrhage is characterized by small, pinpoint-sized skin discolorations?
Which type of hemorrhage is characterized by small, pinpoint-sized skin discolorations?
What is the term for the manner of death involving self-inflicted injury?
What is the term for the manner of death involving self-inflicted injury?
What are the distinct categories of tissues based on their ability to regenerate?
What are the distinct categories of tissues based on their ability to regenerate?
What is the main purpose of fixation in the direct diagnostic examination of tissues?
What is the main purpose of fixation in the direct diagnostic examination of tissues?
Which stain utilizes antibodies to highlight cells containing the corresponding antigen in Anatomic Pathology?
Which stain utilizes antibodies to highlight cells containing the corresponding antigen in Anatomic Pathology?
What is the term for the analysis of bodily fluids using the tools of chemistry, microbiology, hematology, and immunology to evaluate for disease?
What is the term for the analysis of bodily fluids using the tools of chemistry, microbiology, hematology, and immunology to evaluate for disease?
What does Histochemical evaluation involve in the analysis of organs/tissues?
What does Histochemical evaluation involve in the analysis of organs/tissues?
Which type of necrosis is associated with ischemia often due to peripheral artery disease in the fingers, toes, and limbs?
Which type of necrosis is associated with ischemia often due to peripheral artery disease in the fingers, toes, and limbs?
What are the nuclei in necrotic cells capable of exhibiting?
What are the nuclei in necrotic cells capable of exhibiting?
What accumulations can be found within cells?
What accumulations can be found within cells?
What category of injuries can lead to contusion, ecchymoses, abrasion, and laceration?
What category of injuries can lead to contusion, ecchymoses, abrasion, and laceration?
How are burns categorized based on their characteristics and levels of damage?
How are burns categorized based on their characteristics and levels of damage?
What causes cellular damage in frostbite?
What causes cellular damage in frostbite?
Which compounds are associated with specific types of cancer?
Which compounds are associated with specific types of cancer?
What does Cause of Death (COD) refer to?
What does Cause of Death (COD) refer to?
What are the categories of manner of death?
What are the categories of manner of death?
What does adaptive immunity involve?
What does adaptive immunity involve?
Which type of immunity includes humoral immunity mediated by B-cells and cell-mediated immunity mediated by T-cells?
Which type of immunity includes humoral immunity mediated by B-cells and cell-mediated immunity mediated by T-cells?
Which type of white blood cells are primarily involved in acute inflammation?
Which type of white blood cells are primarily involved in acute inflammation?
What are Light's criteria used to differentiate between in pleural effusions?
What are Light's criteria used to differentiate between in pleural effusions?
Which phase of wound healing involves the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts?
Which phase of wound healing involves the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts?
What are specific complications and outcomes of wound healing?
What are specific complications and outcomes of wound healing?
What is hemorrhage characterized by small, pinpoint skin discolorations called?
What is hemorrhage characterized by small, pinpoint skin discolorations called?
How are tissues categorized based on their ability to regenerate?
How are tissues categorized based on their ability to regenerate?
What are the key processes in wound healing?
What are the key processes in wound healing?
Which type of hemorrhage is characterized by a collection of blood within the tissue?
Which type of hemorrhage is characterized by a collection of blood within the tissue?
What cells are primarily involved in the immune response against infectious agents in chronic inflammation?
What cells are primarily involved in the immune response against infectious agents in chronic inflammation?
What are Light's criteria used to differentiate between in pleural effusions?
What are Light's criteria used to differentiate between in pleural effusions?
What are specific complications and outcomes of wound healing?
What are specific complications and outcomes of wound healing?
What is hemorrhage characterized by small, pinpoint skin discolorations called?
What is hemorrhage characterized by small, pinpoint skin discolorations called?
Which phase of laboratory testing involves the actual testing of the specimen?
Which phase of laboratory testing involves the actual testing of the specimen?
What is the most common reason for sample rejection in the laboratory?
What is the most common reason for sample rejection in the laboratory?
Which fluid accumulation is characterized by low protein, low LDH, and low cellularity?
Which fluid accumulation is characterized by low protein, low LDH, and low cellularity?
What are the components used for visualization in histochemical stains?
What are the components used for visualization in histochemical stains?
What is the term for the total volume of fluid in the body including intracellular and extracellular compartments?
What is the term for the total volume of fluid in the body including intracellular and extracellular compartments?
Which cardiac marker has specific detection, peak, and normalization times?
Which cardiac marker has specific detection, peak, and normalization times?
What are the definitions provided in laboratory medicine for sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values based on?
What are the definitions provided in laboratory medicine for sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values based on?
What is the primary cause of dependent edema?
What is the primary cause of dependent edema?
Which type of pressure primarily results from the presence of proteins in the blood and tends to pull fluid into the circulatory system?
Which type of pressure primarily results from the presence of proteins in the blood and tends to pull fluid into the circulatory system?
What is the term for a localized collection of fluid in the pleural cavity?
What is the term for a localized collection of fluid in the pleural cavity?
Which type of pathology involves the study of diseases in children?
Which type of pathology involves the study of diseases in children?
What are the terms used to describe the distribution of fluid in the body?
What are the terms used to describe the distribution of fluid in the body?
Which of the following is a clinical feature of left-sided heart failure?
Which of the following is a clinical feature of left-sided heart failure?
Where are the osmoreceptors located in the body?
Where are the osmoreceptors located in the body?
What is released from the pituitary in response to increasing osmolality?
What is released from the pituitary in response to increasing osmolality?
Which components are included in the Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)?
Which components are included in the Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)?
What are the clinical features of right-sided heart failure?
What are the clinical features of right-sided heart failure?
What is the normal range of serum osmolality?
What is the normal range of serum osmolality?
What is the etiology of left-sided heart failure?
What is the etiology of left-sided heart failure?
Which type of fluid accumulation is associated with increased vascular permeability?
Which type of fluid accumulation is associated with increased vascular permeability?
What are the components of Complete Metabolic Panel (CMP)?
What are the components of Complete Metabolic Panel (CMP)?
What are the types of fluid accumulation in the body?
What are the types of fluid accumulation in the body?
What are the clinical features of electrolyte imbalances?
What are the clinical features of electrolyte imbalances?
Study Notes
Pathology and Forensic Science Overview
- Gangrenous necrosis is associated with ischemia, often due to peripheral artery disease in the fingers, toes, and limbs.
- Different types of necrosis include liquefactive, enzymatic fat, traumatic fat, fibrinoid, caseous, giant cells, and caseous center necrosis.
- Nuclei in necrotic cells can exhibit pyknosis, karyorrhexis, or karyolysis.
- Accumulations within cells can include steatosis, protein, carbohydrates, carbon, iron, melanin, bile, and lipofuscin.
- Blunt injuries can lead to contusion, ecchymoses, abrasion, and laceration, while sharp force injuries include incised wounds, stab wounds, and chop wounds.
- Burns are categorized as first, second, third, and fourth degree, each with distinct characteristics and levels of damage.
- Frostbite causes cellular damage due to ice crystals, while rewarming injuries result from damaged capillaries and increased vessel permeability.
- Carcinogenic compounds like aflatoxin, asbestos, cigarette smoke, radiation, and sunlight are associated with specific types of cancer.
- Cause of Death (COD) refers to the injury or disease that produces physiological derangement leading to death, while manner of death refers to the circumstances surrounding death.
- The manner of death can be natural, accidental, suicidal, homicidal, or undetermined.
- Innate immunity includes physical and chemical barriers and inducible immunity, while adaptive immunity is specific, takes time to develop, and involves immunological memory.
- Adaptive immunity includes humoral immunity mediated by B-cells and cell-mediated immunity mediated by T-cells, which activate phagocytes and cytotoxic T-cells.
Introduction to Laboratory Medicine
- Different types of pathology include surgical, autopsy, cytopathology, and pediatric pathology.
- Histochemical stains like Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Luxol Blue fast, and Gomorri Methamine silver are used for visualization.
- Cardiac markers like Troponin T, Troponin I, CK-MB, and LDH have specific detection, peak, and normalization times.
- Definitions of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and prevalence are provided.
- Laboratory testing phases include pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical stages.
- Most common reason for sample rejection in the laboratory is hemolysis.
- Fluid distribution in the body includes total body water, extracellular and intracellular compartments.
- Terms like hydrostatic pressure, colloid osmotic pressure, edema, dependent edema, anasarca, lymphedema, effusion, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, ascites, hyperemia, and congestion are defined.
- Causes and examples of hyperemia and congestion are explained.
- Transudate is defined as a filtrate of plasma with low protein, low LDH, and low cellularity.
Pathology and Forensic Science Overview
- Gangrenous necrosis is associated with ischemia, often due to peripheral artery disease in the fingers, toes, and limbs.
- Different types of necrosis include liquefactive, enzymatic fat, traumatic fat, fibrinoid, caseous, giant cells, and caseous center necrosis.
- Nuclei in necrotic cells can exhibit pyknosis, karyorrhexis, or karyolysis.
- Accumulations within cells can include steatosis, protein, carbohydrates, carbon, iron, melanin, bile, and lipofuscin.
- Blunt injuries can lead to contusion, ecchymoses, abrasion, and laceration, while sharp force injuries include incised wounds, stab wounds, and chop wounds.
- Burns are categorized as first, second, third, and fourth degree, each with distinct characteristics and levels of damage.
- Frostbite causes cellular damage due to ice crystals, while rewarming injuries result from damaged capillaries and increased vessel permeability.
- Carcinogenic compounds like aflatoxin, asbestos, cigarette smoke, radiation, and sunlight are associated with specific types of cancer.
- Cause of Death (COD) refers to the injury or disease that produces physiological derangement leading to death, while manner of death refers to the circumstances surrounding death.
- The manner of death can be natural, accidental, suicidal, homicidal, or undetermined.
- Innate immunity includes physical and chemical barriers and inducible immunity, while adaptive immunity is specific, takes time to develop, and involves immunological memory.
- Adaptive immunity includes humoral immunity mediated by B-cells and cell-mediated immunity mediated by T-cells, which activate phagocytes and cytotoxic T-cells.
Cardiovascular System and Electrolyte Balance
- Types of fluid accumulation in the body: transudate (due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased colloid osmotic pressure) and exudate (associated with increased vascular permeability)
- Etiology of left-sided heart failure: ischemic heart disease, systemic hypertension, valvular heart disease
- Pathology associated with left-sided heart failure: chronic passive congestion of the lungs, pulmonary edema
- Clinical features of left-sided heart failure: cough, dyspnea on exertion, easy fatigability, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
- Etiology of right-sided heart failure: primary and secondary pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary venous obstruction, decreased pulmonary vascular bed, pulmonary parenchymal disease, interference with breathing
- Clinical features of right-sided heart failure: jugular venous distension, dependent pitting edema, chronic passive congestion of the liver, portal hypertension, congestive splenomegaly, ascites, edema of bowel wall
- Normal range of serum osmolality: 275-295 mOsm/kg
- Location of osmoreceptors in the body: hypothalamus and carotid arteries
- Hormone released from the pituitary in response to increasing osmolality: antidiuretic hormone (ADH), produced in the hypothalamus
- Components of Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP): electrolytes, acid/base, renal, glucose, calcium
- Components of Complete Metabolic Panel (CMP): components of BMP, liver enzymes, liver function tests, total protein, albumin
- Clinical features of electrolyte imbalances: hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, with associated symptoms and risks.
Introduction to Laboratory Medicine
- Different types of pathology include surgical, autopsy, cytopathology, and pediatric pathology.
- Histochemical stains like Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Luxol Blue fast, and Gomorri Methamine silver are used for visualization.
- Cardiac markers like Troponin T, Troponin I, CK-MB, and LDH have specific detection, peak, and normalization times.
- Definitions of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and prevalence are provided.
- Laboratory testing phases include pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical stages.
- Most common reason for sample rejection in the laboratory is hemolysis.
- Fluid distribution in the body includes total body water, extracellular and intracellular compartments.
- Terms like hydrostatic pressure, colloid osmotic pressure, edema, dependent edema, anasarca, lymphedema, effusion, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, ascites, hyperemia, and congestion are defined.
- Causes and examples of hyperemia and congestion are explained.
- Transudate is defined as a filtrate of plasma with low protein, low LDH, and low cellularity.
Cardiovascular System and Electrolyte Balance
- Types of fluid accumulation in the body: transudate (due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased colloid osmotic pressure) and exudate (associated with increased vascular permeability)
- Etiology of left-sided heart failure: ischemic heart disease, systemic hypertension, valvular heart disease
- Pathology associated with left-sided heart failure: chronic passive congestion of the lungs, pulmonary edema
- Clinical features of left-sided heart failure: cough, dyspnea on exertion, easy fatigability, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
- Etiology of right-sided heart failure: primary and secondary pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary venous obstruction, decreased pulmonary vascular bed, pulmonary parenchymal disease, interference with breathing
- Clinical features of right-sided heart failure: jugular venous distension, dependent pitting edema, chronic passive congestion of the liver, portal hypertension, congestive splenomegaly, ascites, edema of bowel wall
- Normal range of serum osmolality: 275-295 mOsm/kg
- Location of osmoreceptors in the body: hypothalamus and carotid arteries
- Hormone released from the pituitary in response to increasing osmolality: antidiuretic hormone (ADH), produced in the hypothalamus
- Components of Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP): electrolytes, acid/base, renal, glucose, calcium
- Components of Complete Metabolic Panel (CMP): components of BMP, liver enzymes, liver function tests, total protein, albumin
- Clinical features of electrolyte imbalances: hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, with associated symptoms and risks.
White Blood Cells, Inflammation, Wound Healing, and Pathology of Hemostasis
- White blood cells include neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, mast cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, each with specific functions in immune response.
- Inflammation involves a combined response of cells, circulatory system, and chemical mediators to protect the body from infectious agents, dead cells, and toxins.
- Different types of white blood cells, including neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and monocytes, play distinct roles in acute and chronic inflammation.
- Acute inflammation is characterized by the predominance of neutrophils and specific clinical signs, while chronic inflammation involves lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts.
- Light's criteria are used to differentiate between exudative and transudative pleural effusions based on protein and LDH levels.
- Tissues are categorized as labile, stable, or permanent based on their ability to regenerate, with each category having specific examples.
- Wound healing involves phases of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling, leading to scar formation and tissue repair.
- Granulation tissue deposition, capillary proliferation, myofibroblast activation, and collagen remodeling are key processes in wound healing.
- Exuberant granulation tissue, dehiscence, hypertrophic scars, and keloid scars are specific complications and outcomes of wound healing.
- Hemorrhage can be described as petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses, or hematoma, with distinct characteristics and causes for each type.
Introduction to Laboratory Medicine
- Different types of pathology include surgical, autopsy, cytopathology, and pediatric pathology.
- Histochemical stains like Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Luxol Blue fast, and Gomorri Methamine silver are used for visualization.
- Cardiac markers like Troponin T, Troponin I, CK-MB, and LDH have specific detection, peak, and normalization times.
- Definitions of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and prevalence are provided.
- Laboratory testing phases include pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical stages.
- Most common reason for sample rejection in the laboratory is hemolysis.
- Fluid distribution in the body includes total body water, extracellular and intracellular compartments.
- Terms like hydrostatic pressure, colloid osmotic pressure, edema, dependent edema, anasarca, lymphedema, effusion, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, ascites, hyperemia, and congestion are defined.
- Causes and examples of hyperemia and congestion are explained.
- Transudate is defined as a filtrate of plasma with low protein, low LDH, and low cellularity.
Cardiovascular System and Electrolyte Balance
- Types of fluid accumulation in the body: transudate (due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased colloid osmotic pressure) and exudate (associated with increased vascular permeability)
- Etiology of left-sided heart failure: ischemic heart disease, systemic hypertension, valvular heart disease
- Pathology associated with left-sided heart failure: chronic passive congestion of the lungs, pulmonary edema
- Clinical features of left-sided heart failure: cough, dyspnea on exertion, easy fatigability, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
- Etiology of right-sided heart failure: primary and secondary pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary venous obstruction, decreased pulmonary vascular bed, pulmonary parenchymal disease, interference with breathing
- Clinical features of right-sided heart failure: jugular venous distension, dependent pitting edema, chronic passive congestion of the liver, portal hypertension, congestive splenomegaly, ascites, edema of bowel wall
- Normal range of serum osmolality: 275-295 mOsm/kg
- Location of osmoreceptors in the body: hypothalamus and carotid arteries
- Hormone released from the pituitary in response to increasing osmolality: antidiuretic hormone (ADH), produced in the hypothalamus
- Components of Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP): electrolytes, acid/base, renal, glucose, calcium
- Components of Complete Metabolic Panel (CMP): components of BMP, liver enzymes, liver function tests, total protein, albumin
- Clinical features of electrolyte imbalances: hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, with associated symptoms and risks.
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Description
Test your knowledge of pathology and forensic science with this overview quiz. From different types of necrosis to causes of death and manner of death, this quiz covers a wide range of topics including laboratory medicine and fluid distribution in the body. See how much you know about pathology and forensic science!
