Pathology and Forensic Science Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main focus of Clinical Pathology?

  • Utilizing antibodies to highlight cells containing corresponding antigens
  • Analyzing bodily fluids using tools of chemistry, microbiology, hematology, and immunology (correct)
  • Analyzing organs and tissues under a microscope
  • Conducting histochemical evaluation of tissues

    • What is the purpose of tissue fixation in the direct diagnostic examination process?

  • Documents details of the specimen
  • Prevents autolysis and degradation of the tissue sample and its components (correct)
  • Removes water to make the tissue firmer
  • Embeds formalin-fixed tissue in paraffin wax

    • What does Anatomic Pathology mainly involve?

  • Utilization of stains to highlight components within the tissue
  • Highlighting cells containing corresponding antigens
  • Evaluation of bodily fluids using chemistry, microbiology, and immunology
  • Analysis of organs/tissue removed from the body by various methods (correct)

    • What is the purpose of tissue processing in the direct diagnostic examination process?

    <p>Removal of water to make the tissue firmer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of fluid accumulation in the body?

    <p>Transudate and exudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the etiology of left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Ischemic heart disease, systemic hypertension, valvular heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical features of right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Jugular venous distension, dependent pitting edema, chronic passive congestion of the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of serum osmolality?

    <p>275-295 mOsm/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the osmoreceptors located in the body?

    <p>Hypothalamus and carotid arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released from the pituitary in response to increasing osmolality?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), produced in the hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What components are included in Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)?

    <p>Electrolytes, acid/base, renal, glucose, calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What components are included in Complete Metabolic Panel (CMP)?

    <p>Components of BMP, liver enzymes, liver function tests, total protein, albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical features of electrolyte imbalances?

    <p>Hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, with associated symptoms and risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is predominantly involved in acute inflammation?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Light's criteria used to differentiate between in pleural effusions?

    <p>Protein and LDH levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of wound healing involves capillary proliferation and myofibroblast activation?

    <p>Proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are specific complications and outcomes of wound healing?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hemorrhage is characterized by small, pinpoint-sized skin discolorations?

    <p>Petechiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of tissues has the ability to regenerate and includes examples like the skin and gastrointestinal epithelium?

    <p>Labile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in chronic inflammation?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is a key component of wound healing and involves collagen remodeling?

    <p>Remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hemorrhage is characterized by large, subcutaneous bruises?

    <p>Ecchymoses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is associated with allergic reactions and parasitic infections?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of wound healing involves the formation of new blood vessels and granulation tissue?

    <p>Proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hemorrhage is characterized by a localized collection of blood, often due to trauma?

    <p>Hematoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of necrosis is associated with ischemia in peripheral artery disease?

    <p>Gangrenous necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the nuclei in necrotic cells capable of exhibiting?

    <p>Pyknosis, karyorrhexis, or karyolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of injury can lead to contusion and ecchymoses?

    <p>Blunt injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are burns categorized based on their severity?

    <p>First, second, third, and fourth degree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes cellular damage in frostbite?

    <p>Ice crystals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compounds are associated with specific types of cancer?

    <p>Aflatoxin, asbestos, cigarette smoke, radiation, and sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Cause of Death (COD) refer to?

    <p>The injury or disease that produces physiological derangement leading to death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the categories of manner of death?

    <p>Natural, accidental, suicidal, homicidal, or undetermined</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does innate immunity include?

    <p>Physical and chemical barriers and inducible immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is specific to adaptive immunity?

    <p>Takes time to develop and involves immunological memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does humoral immunity involve?

    <p>B-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is involved in cell-mediated immunity?

    <p>T-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of wound healing involves the formation of new blood vessels and granulation tissue?

    <p>Proliferative phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common reason for sample rejection in the laboratory?

    <p>Clotted sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is transudate defined as?

    <p>Filtrate of plasma with low protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pathology focuses on diseases of children?

    <p>Pediatric pathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Histochemical stains like Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) used for?

    <p>General tissue visualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cardiac marker has specific detection, peak, and normalization times?

    <p>CK-MB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do terms like hyperemia and congestion refer to?

    <p>Vascular disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different types of fluid distribution in the body?

    <p>Total body water, extracellular, and intracellular compartments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Histochemical stains like Luxol Blue fast and Gomorri Methamine silver?

    <p>Visualization of connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the definitions provided in Laboratory Medicine?

    <p>Definitions of statistical measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of laboratory testing involves sample collection and preparation?

    <p>Pre-analytical phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a localized collection of fluid in the pleural cavity?

    <p>Pleural effusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Anatomic Pathology?

    <p>Evaluation of organs and tissues removed from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which staining technique involves the use of antibodies to highlight cells containing the corresponding antigen?

    <p>Immunohistochemical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of tissue processing in the direct diagnostic examination of tissues?

    <p>Removal of water to make the tissue firmer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the direct diagnostic examination of tissues?

    <p>Fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stain is commonly used for visualizing myelin in the central nervous system?

    <p>Luxol Blue fast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cardiac marker is known for its high specificity to cardiac tissue?

    <p>Troponin I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common reason for sample rejection in the laboratory?

    <p>Hemolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of laboratory testing involves the actual testing of the sample?

    <p>Analytical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a localized collection of fluid in the pericardial cavity?

    <p>Effusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fluid accumulation is characterized by high protein, high LDH, and high cellularity?

    <p>Exudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to an abnormal increase in the volume of blood in a particular tissue or organ?

    <p>Hyperemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of fluid compartments in the body?

    <p>Extracellular and intracellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a generalized edema affecting the whole body?

    <p>Anasarca</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a filtrate of plasma with low protein, low LDH, and low cellularity?

    <p>Transudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pressure primarily results from the presence of proteins in the blood and tends to pull fluid into the circulatory system?

    <p>Colloid osmotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of wound healing involves the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts and the synthesis of collagen?

    <p>Proliferative phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of necrosis is associated with ischemia in peripheral artery disease?

    <p>Fibrinoid necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the nuclei in necrotic cells capable of exhibiting?

    <p>Pyknosis, karyorrhexis, or karyolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are burns categorized as based on their severity?

    <p>First, second, third, and fifth degree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes cellular damage in frostbite?

    <p>Ice crystals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the carcinogenic compounds associated with specific types of cancer?

    <p>Radiation, asbestos, cigarette smoke, sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Cause of Death (COD) refer to?

    <p>The injury or disease that produces physiological derangement leading to death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the manner of death refer to?

    <p>The circumstances surrounding death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does innate immunity include?

    <p>Physical and chemical barriers, inducible immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does adaptive immunity involve?

    <p>Immunological memory, specific response to antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of injuries can blunt force cause?

    <p>Contusion, ecchymoses, abrasion, and laceration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are accumulations within cells capable of including?

    <p>Steatosis, protein, carbohydrates, carbon, iron, melanin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is predominantly involved in acute inflammation?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of wound healing involves scar formation and tissue repair?

    <p>Remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hemorrhage is characterized by small, pinpoint skin discolorations?

    <p>Petechiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells play a significant role in chronic inflammation?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which criteria are used to differentiate between exudative and transudative pleural effusions?

    <p>Light's criteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue is capable of regeneration?

    <p>Labile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the activation of myofibroblasts and capillary proliferation?

    <p>Wound healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which specific complication is an outcome of wound healing characterized by excessive granulation tissue?

    <p>Exuberant granulation tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are involved in the combined response of inflammation to protect the body?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are primarily involved in the immune response against infectious agents?

    <p>Natural killer (NK) cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are predominantly involved in the chronic phase of inflammation?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of wound healing involves the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts?

    <p>Proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical feature of left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the osmoreceptors located in the body?

    <p>Hypothalamus and carotid arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fluid accumulation is associated with increased vascular permeability?

    <p>Exudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released from the pituitary in response to increasing osmolality?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of serum osmolality?

    <p>275-295 mOsm/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of heart failure is associated with chronic passive congestion of the lungs?

    <p>Left-sided heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of Complete Metabolic Panel (CMP)?

    <p>Components of BMP, liver enzymes, liver function tests, total protein, albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the etiology of right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Pulmonary venous obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathology associated with left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Chronic passive congestion of the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical features of right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Ascites, edema of bowel wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)?

    <p>Electrolytes, acid/base, renal, glucose, calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of fluid accumulation in the body?

    <p>Transudate and exudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of tissue processing in the direct diagnostic examination of tissues?

    <p>To remove water from the tissue to make it firmer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the evaluation of organs or tissues with the naked eye?

    <p>Macroscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stains are used in Histochemical evaluation to highlight components within the tissue?

    <p>Stains that result in chemical reactions to highlight components like mucin, myelin, fungi, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key function of Fixation in the direct diagnostic examination of tissues?

    <p>To prevent autolysis and degradation of the tissue sample and its components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a category of burns based on its severity?

    <p>Partial thickness burns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of necrosis associated with ischemia often due to peripheral artery disease in the fingers, toes, and limbs?

    <p>Gangrenous necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of immunity mentioned in the text?

    <p>Innate and adaptive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of wound healing involves the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts?

    <p>Proliferative phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the accumulations within cells mentioned in the text?

    <p>Protein, lipofuscin, glycogen, melanin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pressure primarily results from the presence of proteins in the blood and tends to pull fluid into the circulatory system?

    <p>Oncotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of injury can lead to ecchymoses?

    <p>Blunt injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a localized collection of fluid in the pleural cavity?

    <p>Effusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carcinogenic compound is associated with specific types of cancer mentioned in the text?

    <p>Aflatoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the nuclei in necrotic cells capable of exhibiting?

    <p>Pyknosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Cause of Death (COD) refer to?

    <p>The injury or disease that produces physiological derangement leading to death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of fluid compartments in the body?

    <p>Intracellular and interstitial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the manner of death involving self-inflicted injury?

    <p>Suicidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of tissue processing in the direct diagnostic examination process?

    <p>To prevent autolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the immunity that includes B-cells and T-cells?

    <p>Adaptive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Anatomic Pathology?

    <p>Tissue examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the manner of death resulting from the actions of another person?

    <p>Homicidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)?

    <p>Glucose, BUN, Creatinine, Electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of necrosis is associated with a caseous center?

    <p>Caseous necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is specific to adaptive immunity?

    <p>Memory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity includes physical and chemical barriers and inducible immunity?

    <p>Innate immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical features of right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Peripheral edema, ascites, hepatomegaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the categories of manner of death?

    <p>Natural, accidental, suicidal, homicidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical features of electrolyte imbalances?

    <p>Arrhythmias, muscle weakness, confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical feature of left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the osmoreceptors located in the body?

    <p>Hypothalamus and carotid arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released from the pituitary in response to increasing osmolality?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What components are included in Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)?

    <p>Electrolytes, acid/base, renal, glucose, calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of fluid accumulation in the body?

    <p>Transudate and exudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of serum osmolality?

    <p>275-295 mOsm/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical feature of right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Dependent pitting edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What components are included in Complete Metabolic Panel (CMP)?

    <p>Liver enzymes, liver function tests, total protein, albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the etiology of left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Ischemic heart disease, systemic hypertension, valvular heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathology associated with left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Chronic passive congestion of the lungs, pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical features of electrolyte imbalances?

    <p>Hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of osmoreceptors in the body?

    <p>Hypothalamus and carotid arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is predominantly involved in acute inflammation?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the specific complications and outcomes of wound healing?

    <p>Exuberant granulation tissue, dehiscence, hypertrophic scars, and keloid scars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a localized collection of fluid in the pleural cavity?

    <p>Pleural effusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are primarily involved in the immune response against infectious agents?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of wound healing involves the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts?

    <p>Proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key process in wound healing involving the activation of myofibroblasts and capillary proliferation?

    <p>Granulation tissue deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Light's criteria used to differentiate between?

    <p>Exudative and transudative pleural effusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a localized collection of blood, often due to trauma?

    <p>Hematoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the evaluation of organs or tissues with the naked eye?

    <p>Gross examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hemorrhage is characterized by small, pinpoint-sized skin discolorations?

    <p>Petechiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the manner of death involving self-inflicted injury?

    <p>Suicide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the distinct categories of tissues based on their ability to regenerate?

    <p>Labile, stable, or permanent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of fixation in the direct diagnostic examination of tissues?

    <p>To prevent autolysis and degradation of the tissue sample and its components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stain utilizes antibodies to highlight cells containing the corresponding antigen in Anatomic Pathology?

    <p>Immunohistochemical stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the analysis of bodily fluids using the tools of chemistry, microbiology, hematology, and immunology to evaluate for disease?

    <p>Clinical Pathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Histochemical evaluation involve in the analysis of organs/tissues?

    <p>Use of stains resulting in chemical reactions to highlight components within the tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of necrosis is associated with ischemia often due to peripheral artery disease in the fingers, toes, and limbs?

    <p>Gangrenous necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the nuclei in necrotic cells capable of exhibiting?

    <p>Pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What accumulations can be found within cells?

    <p>Protein, carbohydrates, carbon, iron, melanin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What category of injuries can lead to contusion, ecchymoses, abrasion, and laceration?

    <p>Blunt injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are burns categorized based on their characteristics and levels of damage?

    <p>Superficial, partial thickness, full thickness, fourth degree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes cellular damage in frostbite?

    <p>Ice crystals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compounds are associated with specific types of cancer?

    <p>Aflatoxin, asbestos, cigarette smoke, radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Cause of Death (COD) refer to?

    <p>Injury or disease leading to death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the categories of manner of death?

    <p>Natural, accidental, suicidal, homicidal, undetermined</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does adaptive immunity involve?

    <p>Specific, time-taking, and immunological memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity includes humoral immunity mediated by B-cells and cell-mediated immunity mediated by T-cells?

    <p>Adaptive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cells are primarily involved in acute inflammation?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Light's criteria used to differentiate between in pleural effusions?

    <p>Protein and LDH levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of wound healing involves the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts?

    <p>Proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are specific complications and outcomes of wound healing?

    <p>Exuberant granulation tissue and keloid scars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hemorrhage characterized by small, pinpoint skin discolorations called?

    <p>Petechiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are tissues categorized based on their ability to regenerate?

    <p>Labile, stable, or permanent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key processes in wound healing?

    <p>Granulation tissue deposition and myofibroblast activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hemorrhage is characterized by a collection of blood within the tissue?

    <p>Hematoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cells are primarily involved in the immune response against infectious agents in chronic inflammation?

    <p>Lymphocytes and macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Light's criteria used to differentiate between in pleural effusions?

    <p>Protein and LDH levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are specific complications and outcomes of wound healing?

    <p>Exuberant granulation tissue and keloid scars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hemorrhage characterized by small, pinpoint skin discolorations called?

    <p>Petechiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of laboratory testing involves the actual testing of the specimen?

    <p>Analytical stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common reason for sample rejection in the laboratory?

    <p>Presence of hemolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fluid accumulation is characterized by low protein, low LDH, and low cellularity?

    <p>Transudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components used for visualization in histochemical stains?

    <p>Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&amp;E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the total volume of fluid in the body including intracellular and extracellular compartments?

    <p>Total body water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cardiac marker has specific detection, peak, and normalization times?

    <p>Troponin T</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the definitions provided in laboratory medicine for sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values based on?

    <p>Diagnostic test performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of dependent edema?

    <p>Increased hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pressure primarily results from the presence of proteins in the blood and tends to pull fluid into the circulatory system?

    <p>Oncotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a localized collection of fluid in the pleural cavity?

    <p>Effusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pathology involves the study of diseases in children?

    <p>Pediatric pathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the terms used to describe the distribution of fluid in the body?

    <p>Extracellular and intracellular compartments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical feature of left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the osmoreceptors located in the body?

    <p>Hypothalamus and carotid arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released from the pituitary in response to increasing osmolality?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which components are included in the Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)?

    <p>Electrolytes, acid/base, renal, glucose, calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical features of right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Dependent pitting edema, chronic passive congestion of the liver, ascites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of serum osmolality?

    <p>275-295 mOsm/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the etiology of left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Ischemic heart disease, systemic hypertension, valvular heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fluid accumulation is associated with increased vascular permeability?

    <p>Exudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of Complete Metabolic Panel (CMP)?

    <p>Liver enzymes, liver function tests, total protein, albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of fluid accumulation in the body?

    <p>Transudate and exudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical features of electrolyte imbalances?

    <p>Hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pathology and Forensic Science Overview

    • Gangrenous necrosis is associated with ischemia, often due to peripheral artery disease in the fingers, toes, and limbs.
    • Different types of necrosis include liquefactive, enzymatic fat, traumatic fat, fibrinoid, caseous, giant cells, and caseous center necrosis.
    • Nuclei in necrotic cells can exhibit pyknosis, karyorrhexis, or karyolysis.
    • Accumulations within cells can include steatosis, protein, carbohydrates, carbon, iron, melanin, bile, and lipofuscin.
    • Blunt injuries can lead to contusion, ecchymoses, abrasion, and laceration, while sharp force injuries include incised wounds, stab wounds, and chop wounds.
    • Burns are categorized as first, second, third, and fourth degree, each with distinct characteristics and levels of damage.
    • Frostbite causes cellular damage due to ice crystals, while rewarming injuries result from damaged capillaries and increased vessel permeability.
    • Carcinogenic compounds like aflatoxin, asbestos, cigarette smoke, radiation, and sunlight are associated with specific types of cancer.
    • Cause of Death (COD) refers to the injury or disease that produces physiological derangement leading to death, while manner of death refers to the circumstances surrounding death.
    • The manner of death can be natural, accidental, suicidal, homicidal, or undetermined.
    • Innate immunity includes physical and chemical barriers and inducible immunity, while adaptive immunity is specific, takes time to develop, and involves immunological memory.
    • Adaptive immunity includes humoral immunity mediated by B-cells and cell-mediated immunity mediated by T-cells, which activate phagocytes and cytotoxic T-cells.

    Introduction to Laboratory Medicine

    • Different types of pathology include surgical, autopsy, cytopathology, and pediatric pathology.
    • Histochemical stains like Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Luxol Blue fast, and Gomorri Methamine silver are used for visualization.
    • Cardiac markers like Troponin T, Troponin I, CK-MB, and LDH have specific detection, peak, and normalization times.
    • Definitions of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and prevalence are provided.
    • Laboratory testing phases include pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical stages.
    • Most common reason for sample rejection in the laboratory is hemolysis.
    • Fluid distribution in the body includes total body water, extracellular and intracellular compartments.
    • Terms like hydrostatic pressure, colloid osmotic pressure, edema, dependent edema, anasarca, lymphedema, effusion, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, ascites, hyperemia, and congestion are defined.
    • Causes and examples of hyperemia and congestion are explained.
    • Transudate is defined as a filtrate of plasma with low protein, low LDH, and low cellularity.

    Pathology and Forensic Science Overview

    • Gangrenous necrosis is associated with ischemia, often due to peripheral artery disease in the fingers, toes, and limbs.
    • Different types of necrosis include liquefactive, enzymatic fat, traumatic fat, fibrinoid, caseous, giant cells, and caseous center necrosis.
    • Nuclei in necrotic cells can exhibit pyknosis, karyorrhexis, or karyolysis.
    • Accumulations within cells can include steatosis, protein, carbohydrates, carbon, iron, melanin, bile, and lipofuscin.
    • Blunt injuries can lead to contusion, ecchymoses, abrasion, and laceration, while sharp force injuries include incised wounds, stab wounds, and chop wounds.
    • Burns are categorized as first, second, third, and fourth degree, each with distinct characteristics and levels of damage.
    • Frostbite causes cellular damage due to ice crystals, while rewarming injuries result from damaged capillaries and increased vessel permeability.
    • Carcinogenic compounds like aflatoxin, asbestos, cigarette smoke, radiation, and sunlight are associated with specific types of cancer.
    • Cause of Death (COD) refers to the injury or disease that produces physiological derangement leading to death, while manner of death refers to the circumstances surrounding death.
    • The manner of death can be natural, accidental, suicidal, homicidal, or undetermined.
    • Innate immunity includes physical and chemical barriers and inducible immunity, while adaptive immunity is specific, takes time to develop, and involves immunological memory.
    • Adaptive immunity includes humoral immunity mediated by B-cells and cell-mediated immunity mediated by T-cells, which activate phagocytes and cytotoxic T-cells.

    Cardiovascular System and Electrolyte Balance

    • Types of fluid accumulation in the body: transudate (due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased colloid osmotic pressure) and exudate (associated with increased vascular permeability)
    • Etiology of left-sided heart failure: ischemic heart disease, systemic hypertension, valvular heart disease
    • Pathology associated with left-sided heart failure: chronic passive congestion of the lungs, pulmonary edema
    • Clinical features of left-sided heart failure: cough, dyspnea on exertion, easy fatigability, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
    • Etiology of right-sided heart failure: primary and secondary pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary venous obstruction, decreased pulmonary vascular bed, pulmonary parenchymal disease, interference with breathing
    • Clinical features of right-sided heart failure: jugular venous distension, dependent pitting edema, chronic passive congestion of the liver, portal hypertension, congestive splenomegaly, ascites, edema of bowel wall
    • Normal range of serum osmolality: 275-295 mOsm/kg
    • Location of osmoreceptors in the body: hypothalamus and carotid arteries
    • Hormone released from the pituitary in response to increasing osmolality: antidiuretic hormone (ADH), produced in the hypothalamus
    • Components of Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP): electrolytes, acid/base, renal, glucose, calcium
    • Components of Complete Metabolic Panel (CMP): components of BMP, liver enzymes, liver function tests, total protein, albumin
    • Clinical features of electrolyte imbalances: hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, with associated symptoms and risks.

    Introduction to Laboratory Medicine

    • Different types of pathology include surgical, autopsy, cytopathology, and pediatric pathology.
    • Histochemical stains like Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Luxol Blue fast, and Gomorri Methamine silver are used for visualization.
    • Cardiac markers like Troponin T, Troponin I, CK-MB, and LDH have specific detection, peak, and normalization times.
    • Definitions of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and prevalence are provided.
    • Laboratory testing phases include pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical stages.
    • Most common reason for sample rejection in the laboratory is hemolysis.
    • Fluid distribution in the body includes total body water, extracellular and intracellular compartments.
    • Terms like hydrostatic pressure, colloid osmotic pressure, edema, dependent edema, anasarca, lymphedema, effusion, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, ascites, hyperemia, and congestion are defined.
    • Causes and examples of hyperemia and congestion are explained.
    • Transudate is defined as a filtrate of plasma with low protein, low LDH, and low cellularity.

    Cardiovascular System and Electrolyte Balance

    • Types of fluid accumulation in the body: transudate (due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased colloid osmotic pressure) and exudate (associated with increased vascular permeability)
    • Etiology of left-sided heart failure: ischemic heart disease, systemic hypertension, valvular heart disease
    • Pathology associated with left-sided heart failure: chronic passive congestion of the lungs, pulmonary edema
    • Clinical features of left-sided heart failure: cough, dyspnea on exertion, easy fatigability, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
    • Etiology of right-sided heart failure: primary and secondary pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary venous obstruction, decreased pulmonary vascular bed, pulmonary parenchymal disease, interference with breathing
    • Clinical features of right-sided heart failure: jugular venous distension, dependent pitting edema, chronic passive congestion of the liver, portal hypertension, congestive splenomegaly, ascites, edema of bowel wall
    • Normal range of serum osmolality: 275-295 mOsm/kg
    • Location of osmoreceptors in the body: hypothalamus and carotid arteries
    • Hormone released from the pituitary in response to increasing osmolality: antidiuretic hormone (ADH), produced in the hypothalamus
    • Components of Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP): electrolytes, acid/base, renal, glucose, calcium
    • Components of Complete Metabolic Panel (CMP): components of BMP, liver enzymes, liver function tests, total protein, albumin
    • Clinical features of electrolyte imbalances: hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, with associated symptoms and risks.

    White Blood Cells, Inflammation, Wound Healing, and Pathology of Hemostasis

    • White blood cells include neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, mast cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, each with specific functions in immune response.
    • Inflammation involves a combined response of cells, circulatory system, and chemical mediators to protect the body from infectious agents, dead cells, and toxins.
    • Different types of white blood cells, including neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and monocytes, play distinct roles in acute and chronic inflammation.
    • Acute inflammation is characterized by the predominance of neutrophils and specific clinical signs, while chronic inflammation involves lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts.
    • Light's criteria are used to differentiate between exudative and transudative pleural effusions based on protein and LDH levels.
    • Tissues are categorized as labile, stable, or permanent based on their ability to regenerate, with each category having specific examples.
    • Wound healing involves phases of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling, leading to scar formation and tissue repair.
    • Granulation tissue deposition, capillary proliferation, myofibroblast activation, and collagen remodeling are key processes in wound healing.
    • Exuberant granulation tissue, dehiscence, hypertrophic scars, and keloid scars are specific complications and outcomes of wound healing.
    • Hemorrhage can be described as petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses, or hematoma, with distinct characteristics and causes for each type.

    Introduction to Laboratory Medicine

    • Different types of pathology include surgical, autopsy, cytopathology, and pediatric pathology.
    • Histochemical stains like Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Luxol Blue fast, and Gomorri Methamine silver are used for visualization.
    • Cardiac markers like Troponin T, Troponin I, CK-MB, and LDH have specific detection, peak, and normalization times.
    • Definitions of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and prevalence are provided.
    • Laboratory testing phases include pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical stages.
    • Most common reason for sample rejection in the laboratory is hemolysis.
    • Fluid distribution in the body includes total body water, extracellular and intracellular compartments.
    • Terms like hydrostatic pressure, colloid osmotic pressure, edema, dependent edema, anasarca, lymphedema, effusion, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, ascites, hyperemia, and congestion are defined.
    • Causes and examples of hyperemia and congestion are explained.
    • Transudate is defined as a filtrate of plasma with low protein, low LDH, and low cellularity.

    Cardiovascular System and Electrolyte Balance

    • Types of fluid accumulation in the body: transudate (due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased colloid osmotic pressure) and exudate (associated with increased vascular permeability)
    • Etiology of left-sided heart failure: ischemic heart disease, systemic hypertension, valvular heart disease
    • Pathology associated with left-sided heart failure: chronic passive congestion of the lungs, pulmonary edema
    • Clinical features of left-sided heart failure: cough, dyspnea on exertion, easy fatigability, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
    • Etiology of right-sided heart failure: primary and secondary pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary venous obstruction, decreased pulmonary vascular bed, pulmonary parenchymal disease, interference with breathing
    • Clinical features of right-sided heart failure: jugular venous distension, dependent pitting edema, chronic passive congestion of the liver, portal hypertension, congestive splenomegaly, ascites, edema of bowel wall
    • Normal range of serum osmolality: 275-295 mOsm/kg
    • Location of osmoreceptors in the body: hypothalamus and carotid arteries
    • Hormone released from the pituitary in response to increasing osmolality: antidiuretic hormone (ADH), produced in the hypothalamus
    • Components of Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP): electrolytes, acid/base, renal, glucose, calcium
    • Components of Complete Metabolic Panel (CMP): components of BMP, liver enzymes, liver function tests, total protein, albumin
    • Clinical features of electrolyte imbalances: hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, with associated symptoms and risks.

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    Test your knowledge of pathology and forensic science with this overview quiz. From different types of necrosis to causes of death and manner of death, this quiz covers a wide range of topics including laboratory medicine and fluid distribution in the body. See how much you know about pathology and forensic science!

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