202 Questions
What is the main focus of Clinical Pathology?
Analyzing bodily fluids using tools of chemistry, microbiology, hematology, and immunology
What is the purpose of tissue fixation in the direct diagnostic examination process?
Prevents autolysis and degradation of the tissue sample and its components
What does Anatomic Pathology mainly involve?
Analysis of organs/tissue removed from the body by various methods
What is the purpose of tissue processing in the direct diagnostic examination process?
Removal of water to make the tissue firmer
What are the two types of fluid accumulation in the body?
Transudate and exudate
What is the etiology of left-sided heart failure?
Ischemic heart disease, systemic hypertension, valvular heart disease
What are the clinical features of right-sided heart failure?
Jugular venous distension, dependent pitting edema, chronic passive congestion of the liver
What is the normal range of serum osmolality?
275-295 mOsm/kg
Where are the osmoreceptors located in the body?
Hypothalamus and carotid arteries
Which hormone is released from the pituitary in response to increasing osmolality?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), produced in the hypothalamus
What components are included in Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)?
Electrolytes, acid/base, renal, glucose, calcium
What components are included in Complete Metabolic Panel (CMP)?
Components of BMP, liver enzymes, liver function tests, total protein, albumin
What are the clinical features of electrolyte imbalances?
Hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, with associated symptoms and risks
Which type of white blood cell is predominantly involved in acute inflammation?
Neutrophils
What are Light's criteria used to differentiate between in pleural effusions?
Protein and LDH levels
Which phase of wound healing involves capillary proliferation and myofibroblast activation?
Proliferation
What are specific complications and outcomes of wound healing?
All of the above
Which type of hemorrhage is characterized by small, pinpoint-sized skin discolorations?
Petechiae
Which category of tissues has the ability to regenerate and includes examples like the skin and gastrointestinal epithelium?
Labile
Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in chronic inflammation?
Lymphocytes
Which process is a key component of wound healing and involves collagen remodeling?
Remodeling
What type of hemorrhage is characterized by large, subcutaneous bruises?
Ecchymoses
Which type of white blood cell is associated with allergic reactions and parasitic infections?
Eosinophils
Which phase of wound healing involves the formation of new blood vessels and granulation tissue?
Proliferation
Which type of hemorrhage is characterized by a localized collection of blood, often due to trauma?
Hematoma
Which type of necrosis is associated with ischemia in peripheral artery disease?
Gangrenous necrosis
What are the nuclei in necrotic cells capable of exhibiting?
Pyknosis, karyorrhexis, or karyolysis
Which type of injury can lead to contusion and ecchymoses?
Blunt injuries
How are burns categorized based on their severity?
First, second, third, and fourth degree
What causes cellular damage in frostbite?
Ice crystals
Which compounds are associated with specific types of cancer?
Aflatoxin, asbestos, cigarette smoke, radiation, and sunlight
What does Cause of Death (COD) refer to?
The injury or disease that produces physiological derangement leading to death
What are the categories of manner of death?
Natural, accidental, suicidal, homicidal, or undetermined
What does innate immunity include?
Physical and chemical barriers and inducible immunity
What is specific to adaptive immunity?
Takes time to develop and involves immunological memory
What does humoral immunity involve?
B-cells
What is involved in cell-mediated immunity?
T-cells
Which phase of wound healing involves the formation of new blood vessels and granulation tissue?
Proliferative phase
What is the most common reason for sample rejection in the laboratory?
Clotted sample
What is transudate defined as?
Filtrate of plasma with low protein
Which type of pathology focuses on diseases of children?
Pediatric pathology
What are Histochemical stains like Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) used for?
General tissue visualization
Which cardiac marker has specific detection, peak, and normalization times?
CK-MB
What do terms like hyperemia and congestion refer to?
Vascular disorders
What are the different types of fluid distribution in the body?
Total body water, extracellular, and intracellular compartments
What is the purpose of Histochemical stains like Luxol Blue fast and Gomorri Methamine silver?
Visualization of connective tissue
What are the definitions provided in Laboratory Medicine?
Definitions of statistical measures
Which phase of laboratory testing involves sample collection and preparation?
Pre-analytical phase
What is the term for a localized collection of fluid in the pleural cavity?
Pleural effusion
What is the main focus of Anatomic Pathology?
Evaluation of organs and tissues removed from the body
Which staining technique involves the use of antibodies to highlight cells containing the corresponding antigen?
Immunohistochemical
What is the purpose of tissue processing in the direct diagnostic examination of tissues?
Removal of water to make the tissue firmer
What is the first step in the direct diagnostic examination of tissues?
Fixation
Which stain is commonly used for visualizing myelin in the central nervous system?
Luxol Blue fast
Which cardiac marker is known for its high specificity to cardiac tissue?
Troponin I
What is the most common reason for sample rejection in the laboratory?
Hemolysis
Which phase of laboratory testing involves the actual testing of the sample?
Analytical
What is the term for a localized collection of fluid in the pericardial cavity?
Effusion
What type of fluid accumulation is characterized by high protein, high LDH, and high cellularity?
Exudate
Which term refers to an abnormal increase in the volume of blood in a particular tissue or organ?
Hyperemia
What are the two main types of fluid compartments in the body?
Extracellular and intracellular
Which term refers to a generalized edema affecting the whole body?
Anasarca
What is the term for a filtrate of plasma with low protein, low LDH, and low cellularity?
Transudate
Which pressure primarily results from the presence of proteins in the blood and tends to pull fluid into the circulatory system?
Colloid osmotic pressure
Which phase of wound healing involves the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts and the synthesis of collagen?
Proliferative phase
Which type of necrosis is associated with ischemia in peripheral artery disease?
Fibrinoid necrosis
What are the nuclei in necrotic cells capable of exhibiting?
Pyknosis, karyorrhexis, or karyolysis
What are burns categorized as based on their severity?
First, second, third, and fifth degree
What causes cellular damage in frostbite?
Ice crystals
What are the carcinogenic compounds associated with specific types of cancer?
Radiation, asbestos, cigarette smoke, sunlight
What does Cause of Death (COD) refer to?
The injury or disease that produces physiological derangement leading to death
What does the manner of death refer to?
The circumstances surrounding death
What does innate immunity include?
Physical and chemical barriers, inducible immunity
What does adaptive immunity involve?
Immunological memory, specific response to antigens
What type of injuries can blunt force cause?
Contusion, ecchymoses, abrasion, and laceration
What are accumulations within cells capable of including?
Steatosis, protein, carbohydrates, carbon, iron, melanin
Which type of white blood cell is predominantly involved in acute inflammation?
Neutrophils
Which phase of wound healing involves scar formation and tissue repair?
Remodeling
Which type of hemorrhage is characterized by small, pinpoint skin discolorations?
Petechiae
Which cells play a significant role in chronic inflammation?
Lymphocytes
Which criteria are used to differentiate between exudative and transudative pleural effusions?
Light's criteria
Which type of tissue is capable of regeneration?
Labile
Which process involves the activation of myofibroblasts and capillary proliferation?
Wound healing
Which specific complication is an outcome of wound healing characterized by excessive granulation tissue?
Exuberant granulation tissue
Which cells are involved in the combined response of inflammation to protect the body?
All of the above
Which cells are primarily involved in the immune response against infectious agents?
Natural killer (NK) cells
Which cells are predominantly involved in the chronic phase of inflammation?
Lymphocytes
Which phase of wound healing involves the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts?
Proliferation
Which of the following is a clinical feature of left-sided heart failure?
Cough
Where are the osmoreceptors located in the body?
Hypothalamus and carotid arteries
What type of fluid accumulation is associated with increased vascular permeability?
Exudate
Which hormone is released from the pituitary in response to increasing osmolality?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What is the normal range of serum osmolality?
275-295 mOsm/kg
Which type of heart failure is associated with chronic passive congestion of the lungs?
Left-sided heart failure
What are the components of Complete Metabolic Panel (CMP)?
Components of BMP, liver enzymes, liver function tests, total protein, albumin
What is the etiology of right-sided heart failure?
Pulmonary venous obstruction
What is the pathology associated with left-sided heart failure?
Chronic passive congestion of the lungs
What are the clinical features of right-sided heart failure?
Ascites, edema of bowel wall
What are the components of Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)?
Electrolytes, acid/base, renal, glucose, calcium
What are the types of fluid accumulation in the body?
Transudate and exudate
What is the main purpose of tissue processing in the direct diagnostic examination of tissues?
To remove water from the tissue to make it firmer
What is the term for the evaluation of organs or tissues with the naked eye?
Macroscopy
Which stains are used in Histochemical evaluation to highlight components within the tissue?
Stains that result in chemical reactions to highlight components like mucin, myelin, fungi, etc.
What is the key function of Fixation in the direct diagnostic examination of tissues?
To prevent autolysis and degradation of the tissue sample and its components
Which of the following is a category of burns based on its severity?
Partial thickness burns
What is the term for the type of necrosis associated with ischemia often due to peripheral artery disease in the fingers, toes, and limbs?
Gangrenous necrosis
What are the two types of immunity mentioned in the text?
Innate and adaptive immunity
Which phase of wound healing involves the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts?
Proliferative phase
What are the accumulations within cells mentioned in the text?
Protein, lipofuscin, glycogen, melanin
Which pressure primarily results from the presence of proteins in the blood and tends to pull fluid into the circulatory system?
Oncotic pressure
Which type of injury can lead to ecchymoses?
Blunt injuries
What is the term for a localized collection of fluid in the pleural cavity?
Effusion
Which carcinogenic compound is associated with specific types of cancer mentioned in the text?
Aflatoxin
What are the nuclei in necrotic cells capable of exhibiting?
Pyknosis
What does Cause of Death (COD) refer to?
The injury or disease that produces physiological derangement leading to death
What are the two main types of fluid compartments in the body?
Intracellular and interstitial
What is the term for the manner of death involving self-inflicted injury?
Suicidal
What is the purpose of tissue processing in the direct diagnostic examination process?
To prevent autolysis
What is the term for the immunity that includes B-cells and T-cells?
Adaptive immunity
What is the main focus of Anatomic Pathology?
Tissue examination
What is the term for the manner of death resulting from the actions of another person?
Homicidal
What are the components of Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)?
Glucose, BUN, Creatinine, Electrolytes
Which type of necrosis is associated with a caseous center?
Caseous necrosis
What is specific to adaptive immunity?
Memory response
What type of immunity includes physical and chemical barriers and inducible immunity?
Innate immunity
What are the clinical features of right-sided heart failure?
Peripheral edema, ascites, hepatomegaly
What are the categories of manner of death?
Natural, accidental, suicidal, homicidal
What are the clinical features of electrolyte imbalances?
Arrhythmias, muscle weakness, confusion
Which of the following is a clinical feature of left-sided heart failure?
Cough
Where are the osmoreceptors located in the body?
Hypothalamus and carotid arteries
Which hormone is released from the pituitary in response to increasing osmolality?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What components are included in Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)?
Electrolytes, acid/base, renal, glucose, calcium
What are the types of fluid accumulation in the body?
Transudate and exudate
What is the normal range of serum osmolality?
275-295 mOsm/kg
Which of the following is a clinical feature of right-sided heart failure?
Dependent pitting edema
What components are included in Complete Metabolic Panel (CMP)?
Liver enzymes, liver function tests, total protein, albumin
What is the etiology of left-sided heart failure?
Ischemic heart disease, systemic hypertension, valvular heart disease
What is the pathology associated with left-sided heart failure?
Chronic passive congestion of the lungs, pulmonary edema
What are the clinical features of electrolyte imbalances?
Hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia
What is the location of osmoreceptors in the body?
Hypothalamus and carotid arteries
Which type of white blood cell is predominantly involved in acute inflammation?
Neutrophils
What are the specific complications and outcomes of wound healing?
Exuberant granulation tissue, dehiscence, hypertrophic scars, and keloid scars
What is the term for a localized collection of fluid in the pleural cavity?
Pleural effusion
Which cells are primarily involved in the immune response against infectious agents?
Neutrophils
Which phase of wound healing involves the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts?
Proliferation
What is the key process in wound healing involving the activation of myofibroblasts and capillary proliferation?
Granulation tissue deposition
What are Light's criteria used to differentiate between?
Exudative and transudative pleural effusions
What is the term for a localized collection of blood, often due to trauma?
Hematoma
What is the term for the evaluation of organs or tissues with the naked eye?
Gross examination
Which type of hemorrhage is characterized by small, pinpoint-sized skin discolorations?
Petechiae
What is the term for the manner of death involving self-inflicted injury?
Suicide
What are the distinct categories of tissues based on their ability to regenerate?
Labile, stable, or permanent
What is the main purpose of fixation in the direct diagnostic examination of tissues?
To prevent autolysis and degradation of the tissue sample and its components
Which stain utilizes antibodies to highlight cells containing the corresponding antigen in Anatomic Pathology?
Immunohistochemical stain
What is the term for the analysis of bodily fluids using the tools of chemistry, microbiology, hematology, and immunology to evaluate for disease?
Clinical Pathology
What does Histochemical evaluation involve in the analysis of organs/tissues?
Use of stains resulting in chemical reactions to highlight components within the tissue
Which type of necrosis is associated with ischemia often due to peripheral artery disease in the fingers, toes, and limbs?
Gangrenous necrosis
What are the nuclei in necrotic cells capable of exhibiting?
Pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
What accumulations can be found within cells?
Protein, carbohydrates, carbon, iron, melanin
What category of injuries can lead to contusion, ecchymoses, abrasion, and laceration?
Blunt injuries
How are burns categorized based on their characteristics and levels of damage?
Superficial, partial thickness, full thickness, fourth degree
What causes cellular damage in frostbite?
Ice crystals
Which compounds are associated with specific types of cancer?
Aflatoxin, asbestos, cigarette smoke, radiation
What does Cause of Death (COD) refer to?
Injury or disease leading to death
What are the categories of manner of death?
Natural, accidental, suicidal, homicidal, undetermined
What does adaptive immunity involve?
Specific, time-taking, and immunological memory
Which type of immunity includes humoral immunity mediated by B-cells and cell-mediated immunity mediated by T-cells?
Adaptive immunity
Which type of white blood cells are primarily involved in acute inflammation?
Neutrophils
What are Light's criteria used to differentiate between in pleural effusions?
Protein and LDH levels
Which phase of wound healing involves the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts?
Proliferation
What are specific complications and outcomes of wound healing?
Exuberant granulation tissue and keloid scars
What is hemorrhage characterized by small, pinpoint skin discolorations called?
Petechiae
How are tissues categorized based on their ability to regenerate?
Labile, stable, or permanent
What are the key processes in wound healing?
Granulation tissue deposition and myofibroblast activation
Which type of hemorrhage is characterized by a collection of blood within the tissue?
Hematoma
What cells are primarily involved in the immune response against infectious agents in chronic inflammation?
Lymphocytes and macrophages
What are Light's criteria used to differentiate between in pleural effusions?
Protein and LDH levels
What are specific complications and outcomes of wound healing?
Exuberant granulation tissue and keloid scars
What is hemorrhage characterized by small, pinpoint skin discolorations called?
Petechiae
Which phase of laboratory testing involves the actual testing of the specimen?
Analytical stage
What is the most common reason for sample rejection in the laboratory?
Presence of hemolysis
Which fluid accumulation is characterized by low protein, low LDH, and low cellularity?
Transudate
What are the components used for visualization in histochemical stains?
Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)
What is the term for the total volume of fluid in the body including intracellular and extracellular compartments?
Total body water
Which cardiac marker has specific detection, peak, and normalization times?
Troponin T
What are the definitions provided in laboratory medicine for sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values based on?
Diagnostic test performance
What is the primary cause of dependent edema?
Increased hydrostatic pressure
Which type of pressure primarily results from the presence of proteins in the blood and tends to pull fluid into the circulatory system?
Oncotic pressure
What is the term for a localized collection of fluid in the pleural cavity?
Effusion
Which type of pathology involves the study of diseases in children?
Pediatric pathology
What are the terms used to describe the distribution of fluid in the body?
Extracellular and intracellular compartments
Which of the following is a clinical feature of left-sided heart failure?
Cough
Where are the osmoreceptors located in the body?
Hypothalamus and carotid arteries
What is released from the pituitary in response to increasing osmolality?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Which components are included in the Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)?
Electrolytes, acid/base, renal, glucose, calcium
What are the clinical features of right-sided heart failure?
Dependent pitting edema, chronic passive congestion of the liver, ascites
What is the normal range of serum osmolality?
275-295 mOsm/kg
What is the etiology of left-sided heart failure?
Ischemic heart disease, systemic hypertension, valvular heart disease
Which type of fluid accumulation is associated with increased vascular permeability?
Exudate
What are the components of Complete Metabolic Panel (CMP)?
Liver enzymes, liver function tests, total protein, albumin
What are the types of fluid accumulation in the body?
Transudate and exudate
What are the clinical features of electrolyte imbalances?
Hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia
Study Notes
Pathology and Forensic Science Overview
- Gangrenous necrosis is associated with ischemia, often due to peripheral artery disease in the fingers, toes, and limbs.
- Different types of necrosis include liquefactive, enzymatic fat, traumatic fat, fibrinoid, caseous, giant cells, and caseous center necrosis.
- Nuclei in necrotic cells can exhibit pyknosis, karyorrhexis, or karyolysis.
- Accumulations within cells can include steatosis, protein, carbohydrates, carbon, iron, melanin, bile, and lipofuscin.
- Blunt injuries can lead to contusion, ecchymoses, abrasion, and laceration, while sharp force injuries include incised wounds, stab wounds, and chop wounds.
- Burns are categorized as first, second, third, and fourth degree, each with distinct characteristics and levels of damage.
- Frostbite causes cellular damage due to ice crystals, while rewarming injuries result from damaged capillaries and increased vessel permeability.
- Carcinogenic compounds like aflatoxin, asbestos, cigarette smoke, radiation, and sunlight are associated with specific types of cancer.
- Cause of Death (COD) refers to the injury or disease that produces physiological derangement leading to death, while manner of death refers to the circumstances surrounding death.
- The manner of death can be natural, accidental, suicidal, homicidal, or undetermined.
- Innate immunity includes physical and chemical barriers and inducible immunity, while adaptive immunity is specific, takes time to develop, and involves immunological memory.
- Adaptive immunity includes humoral immunity mediated by B-cells and cell-mediated immunity mediated by T-cells, which activate phagocytes and cytotoxic T-cells.
Introduction to Laboratory Medicine
- Different types of pathology include surgical, autopsy, cytopathology, and pediatric pathology.
- Histochemical stains like Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Luxol Blue fast, and Gomorri Methamine silver are used for visualization.
- Cardiac markers like Troponin T, Troponin I, CK-MB, and LDH have specific detection, peak, and normalization times.
- Definitions of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and prevalence are provided.
- Laboratory testing phases include pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical stages.
- Most common reason for sample rejection in the laboratory is hemolysis.
- Fluid distribution in the body includes total body water, extracellular and intracellular compartments.
- Terms like hydrostatic pressure, colloid osmotic pressure, edema, dependent edema, anasarca, lymphedema, effusion, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, ascites, hyperemia, and congestion are defined.
- Causes and examples of hyperemia and congestion are explained.
- Transudate is defined as a filtrate of plasma with low protein, low LDH, and low cellularity.
Pathology and Forensic Science Overview
- Gangrenous necrosis is associated with ischemia, often due to peripheral artery disease in the fingers, toes, and limbs.
- Different types of necrosis include liquefactive, enzymatic fat, traumatic fat, fibrinoid, caseous, giant cells, and caseous center necrosis.
- Nuclei in necrotic cells can exhibit pyknosis, karyorrhexis, or karyolysis.
- Accumulations within cells can include steatosis, protein, carbohydrates, carbon, iron, melanin, bile, and lipofuscin.
- Blunt injuries can lead to contusion, ecchymoses, abrasion, and laceration, while sharp force injuries include incised wounds, stab wounds, and chop wounds.
- Burns are categorized as first, second, third, and fourth degree, each with distinct characteristics and levels of damage.
- Frostbite causes cellular damage due to ice crystals, while rewarming injuries result from damaged capillaries and increased vessel permeability.
- Carcinogenic compounds like aflatoxin, asbestos, cigarette smoke, radiation, and sunlight are associated with specific types of cancer.
- Cause of Death (COD) refers to the injury or disease that produces physiological derangement leading to death, while manner of death refers to the circumstances surrounding death.
- The manner of death can be natural, accidental, suicidal, homicidal, or undetermined.
- Innate immunity includes physical and chemical barriers and inducible immunity, while adaptive immunity is specific, takes time to develop, and involves immunological memory.
- Adaptive immunity includes humoral immunity mediated by B-cells and cell-mediated immunity mediated by T-cells, which activate phagocytes and cytotoxic T-cells.
Cardiovascular System and Electrolyte Balance
- Types of fluid accumulation in the body: transudate (due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased colloid osmotic pressure) and exudate (associated with increased vascular permeability)
- Etiology of left-sided heart failure: ischemic heart disease, systemic hypertension, valvular heart disease
- Pathology associated with left-sided heart failure: chronic passive congestion of the lungs, pulmonary edema
- Clinical features of left-sided heart failure: cough, dyspnea on exertion, easy fatigability, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
- Etiology of right-sided heart failure: primary and secondary pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary venous obstruction, decreased pulmonary vascular bed, pulmonary parenchymal disease, interference with breathing
- Clinical features of right-sided heart failure: jugular venous distension, dependent pitting edema, chronic passive congestion of the liver, portal hypertension, congestive splenomegaly, ascites, edema of bowel wall
- Normal range of serum osmolality: 275-295 mOsm/kg
- Location of osmoreceptors in the body: hypothalamus and carotid arteries
- Hormone released from the pituitary in response to increasing osmolality: antidiuretic hormone (ADH), produced in the hypothalamus
- Components of Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP): electrolytes, acid/base, renal, glucose, calcium
- Components of Complete Metabolic Panel (CMP): components of BMP, liver enzymes, liver function tests, total protein, albumin
- Clinical features of electrolyte imbalances: hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, with associated symptoms and risks.
Introduction to Laboratory Medicine
- Different types of pathology include surgical, autopsy, cytopathology, and pediatric pathology.
- Histochemical stains like Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Luxol Blue fast, and Gomorri Methamine silver are used for visualization.
- Cardiac markers like Troponin T, Troponin I, CK-MB, and LDH have specific detection, peak, and normalization times.
- Definitions of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and prevalence are provided.
- Laboratory testing phases include pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical stages.
- Most common reason for sample rejection in the laboratory is hemolysis.
- Fluid distribution in the body includes total body water, extracellular and intracellular compartments.
- Terms like hydrostatic pressure, colloid osmotic pressure, edema, dependent edema, anasarca, lymphedema, effusion, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, ascites, hyperemia, and congestion are defined.
- Causes and examples of hyperemia and congestion are explained.
- Transudate is defined as a filtrate of plasma with low protein, low LDH, and low cellularity.
Cardiovascular System and Electrolyte Balance
- Types of fluid accumulation in the body: transudate (due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased colloid osmotic pressure) and exudate (associated with increased vascular permeability)
- Etiology of left-sided heart failure: ischemic heart disease, systemic hypertension, valvular heart disease
- Pathology associated with left-sided heart failure: chronic passive congestion of the lungs, pulmonary edema
- Clinical features of left-sided heart failure: cough, dyspnea on exertion, easy fatigability, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
- Etiology of right-sided heart failure: primary and secondary pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary venous obstruction, decreased pulmonary vascular bed, pulmonary parenchymal disease, interference with breathing
- Clinical features of right-sided heart failure: jugular venous distension, dependent pitting edema, chronic passive congestion of the liver, portal hypertension, congestive splenomegaly, ascites, edema of bowel wall
- Normal range of serum osmolality: 275-295 mOsm/kg
- Location of osmoreceptors in the body: hypothalamus and carotid arteries
- Hormone released from the pituitary in response to increasing osmolality: antidiuretic hormone (ADH), produced in the hypothalamus
- Components of Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP): electrolytes, acid/base, renal, glucose, calcium
- Components of Complete Metabolic Panel (CMP): components of BMP, liver enzymes, liver function tests, total protein, albumin
- Clinical features of electrolyte imbalances: hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, with associated symptoms and risks.
White Blood Cells, Inflammation, Wound Healing, and Pathology of Hemostasis
- White blood cells include neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, mast cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, each with specific functions in immune response.
- Inflammation involves a combined response of cells, circulatory system, and chemical mediators to protect the body from infectious agents, dead cells, and toxins.
- Different types of white blood cells, including neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and monocytes, play distinct roles in acute and chronic inflammation.
- Acute inflammation is characterized by the predominance of neutrophils and specific clinical signs, while chronic inflammation involves lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts.
- Light's criteria are used to differentiate between exudative and transudative pleural effusions based on protein and LDH levels.
- Tissues are categorized as labile, stable, or permanent based on their ability to regenerate, with each category having specific examples.
- Wound healing involves phases of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling, leading to scar formation and tissue repair.
- Granulation tissue deposition, capillary proliferation, myofibroblast activation, and collagen remodeling are key processes in wound healing.
- Exuberant granulation tissue, dehiscence, hypertrophic scars, and keloid scars are specific complications and outcomes of wound healing.
- Hemorrhage can be described as petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses, or hematoma, with distinct characteristics and causes for each type.
Introduction to Laboratory Medicine
- Different types of pathology include surgical, autopsy, cytopathology, and pediatric pathology.
- Histochemical stains like Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Luxol Blue fast, and Gomorri Methamine silver are used for visualization.
- Cardiac markers like Troponin T, Troponin I, CK-MB, and LDH have specific detection, peak, and normalization times.
- Definitions of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and prevalence are provided.
- Laboratory testing phases include pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical stages.
- Most common reason for sample rejection in the laboratory is hemolysis.
- Fluid distribution in the body includes total body water, extracellular and intracellular compartments.
- Terms like hydrostatic pressure, colloid osmotic pressure, edema, dependent edema, anasarca, lymphedema, effusion, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, ascites, hyperemia, and congestion are defined.
- Causes and examples of hyperemia and congestion are explained.
- Transudate is defined as a filtrate of plasma with low protein, low LDH, and low cellularity.
Cardiovascular System and Electrolyte Balance
- Types of fluid accumulation in the body: transudate (due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased colloid osmotic pressure) and exudate (associated with increased vascular permeability)
- Etiology of left-sided heart failure: ischemic heart disease, systemic hypertension, valvular heart disease
- Pathology associated with left-sided heart failure: chronic passive congestion of the lungs, pulmonary edema
- Clinical features of left-sided heart failure: cough, dyspnea on exertion, easy fatigability, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
- Etiology of right-sided heart failure: primary and secondary pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary venous obstruction, decreased pulmonary vascular bed, pulmonary parenchymal disease, interference with breathing
- Clinical features of right-sided heart failure: jugular venous distension, dependent pitting edema, chronic passive congestion of the liver, portal hypertension, congestive splenomegaly, ascites, edema of bowel wall
- Normal range of serum osmolality: 275-295 mOsm/kg
- Location of osmoreceptors in the body: hypothalamus and carotid arteries
- Hormone released from the pituitary in response to increasing osmolality: antidiuretic hormone (ADH), produced in the hypothalamus
- Components of Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP): electrolytes, acid/base, renal, glucose, calcium
- Components of Complete Metabolic Panel (CMP): components of BMP, liver enzymes, liver function tests, total protein, albumin
- Clinical features of electrolyte imbalances: hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, with associated symptoms and risks.
Test your knowledge of pathology and forensic science with this overview quiz. From different types of necrosis to causes of death and manner of death, this quiz covers a wide range of topics including laboratory medicine and fluid distribution in the body. See how much you know about pathology and forensic science!
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