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Questions and Answers
What is pathology?
The study of disease.
Which of the following are types of pathologists?
What is pathogenesis?
The mechanism of how the disease develops from its initiation to its molecular and cellular manifestations.
Which of the following is a method to diagnose a disease?
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A disease is any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of any part, organ or system of the body that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs and whose etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be ______ or ______.
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Which type of diagnosis is based on observed changes in the chemistry of fluids and hematology?
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List two types of prognoses.
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Microscopic examination includes light microscopy and electron microscopy.
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What are some causes of cell injury?
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How many ways do cells or tissues respond to injury or stress?
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Study Notes
Pathology
- The study of disease.
- Pathologists are involved in diagnostics, performing necropsies, biopsies, toxicological evaluations, clinical testing, and experimental studies of the underlying mechanisms of disease.
Pathogenesis
- The development of disease from its initial stages to its cellular and molecular manifestations.
Disease Diagnosis
- Case history, symptoms, and clinical signs are important in diagnosis.
- Analysis of blood and body fluids, biopsies, and necropsies are key components of disease diagnosis.
- Microscopic lesions, ultrastructural changes, and etiologic identification contribute to diagnosis.
- Treatment and prognosis, which is the expected outcome of the disease, are also considered.
- Prevention and control measures include hygienic practices and vaccinations.
Types of Diagnosis
- Clinical diagnosis relies on case history, clinical signs, and physical examinations.
- Clinical pathologic diagnosis is based on changes observed in the chemistry of bodily fluids, hematology, cell structure, and function.
- Morphological diagnosis involves macroscopic ("gross") or microscopic ("histologic") observations, describing severity, duration, distribution, location, and nature.
- Etiological diagnosis pinpoints the specific cause of the disease.
Prognosis
- Excellent, good, guarded, and grave are common categories used to describe the anticipated course of a disease.
Detecting Morphologic Changes
- Gross examination includes both physical examination of living animals and postmortem examination of deceased animals.
- Microscopic examination uses both light and electron microscopy.
- Advanced techniques involve specialized microscopes, laser capture microdissection, DNA microarrays, and proteomics.
Cell Injury
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Cell injury can occur due to:
- Oxygen deficiency
- Physical agents
- Infectious agents
- Nutritional deficiencies
- Genetic abnormalities
- Workload imbalances
- Chemical exposures, drugs, or toxins
- Immunological dysfunction
- Aging
Cellular Responses to Injury
- Injury can cause three cellular responses:
- Adaptation (with or without accumulations or degenerative changes)
- Reversible cell injury (with or without subcellular changes)
- Irreversible cell injury (Death), which results in necrosis.
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Description
Explore the critical concepts of pathology and the processes involved in disease diagnosis. This quiz covers the study of disease development, diagnostic techniques, and preventive measures that contribute to understanding various medical conditions. Test your knowledge about clinical and pathological evaluations.
