Pathogens and Diseases Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following diseases is associated with infected water transmission?

  • HIV
  • Long Damage
  • Diarrhoea (correct)
  • Chalara ash

    • What is a common symptom associated with the consumption of contaminated food or water?

  • Old spores
  • Vomiting (correct)
  • Loss of burnt lesion
  • Infected objects

    • Which factor is NOT listed as a cause of diseases?

  • Poor nourishment
  • Genetic factors (correct)
  • Pathogens
  • Excessive exercise (correct)

    • What type of pathogen is responsible for HIV transmission?

    <p>Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can Chalara ash spores remain viable?

    <p>10 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a pathogen?

    <p>It causes disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method does NOT represent how pathogens are transmitted between hosts?

    <p>Transmission through selective breeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT classified as a type of pathogen?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is most directly related to increased vulnerability to diseases due to limited access to essential resources?

    <p>Poverty and lack of basic services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common example of a disease caused by a pathogen transmitted through direct contact?

    <p>HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of indirect contact transmission?

    <p>Touching a washed plate after an infected person.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following classifications includes diseases that are caused by infectious agents?

    <p>Infectious Diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What immediate cause leads to the manifestation of diseases?

    <p>Pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a contributing factor to diseases?

    <p>Dietary supplements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among the following options, which factor relates to environmental influence on disease susceptibility?

    <p>Pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is categorized as a viral disease?

    <p>Dengue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of disease is characterized by its ability to spread from one person to another?

    <p>Communicable Diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is classified as non-communicable?

    <p>Food poisoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is primarily caused by a bacterium?

    <p>Typhoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a protozoal disease?

    <p>Malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is primarily transmitted through airborne particles?

    <p>Influenza</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of vectors in disease transmission?

    <p>To carry infectious agents from sick to healthy individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these modes of disease spread involves touching contaminated surfaces?

    <p>Indirect contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic effect of cholera toxin on the human body?

    <p>Leads to excessive secretion of chloride ions into the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Campylobacter is best described as which of the following?

    <p>A bacterium that causes food poisoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is caused by a protozoan?

    <p>Malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way that pathogens can spread?

    <p>Direct contact with an infected person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these options is NOT a means of disease spread?

    <p>Social distancing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fungal disease is characterized by an infection commonly found on the skin?

    <p>Athlete's foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is classified as a worm disease?

    <p>Elephantiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the non-self antigens that trigger an immune response called?

    <p>Immunogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do macrophages play when an immunogen enters the body?

    <p>They engulf the pathogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are known for presenting pieces of immunogen to T-cells and B-cells?

    <p>Dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about blood groups is correct regarding immunogens?

    <p>A+ blood group may treat B+ blood type as an immunogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly lists the sequence of steps when an immunogen enters the body?

    <p>Immunogen → Macrophages → Dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the epidermis play in the body's defense system?

    <p>It acts as an impermeable barrier to pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances helps to trap pathogens in the body?

    <p>Cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

    <p>To neutralize harmful bacteria in food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a chemical barrier in the body?

    <p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does lysozyme contribute to the body's defense?

    <p>By breaking down cell walls of bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protein in the skin has antibacterial properties?

    <p>Dermicidin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells is NOT considered a cellular barrier in the immune system?

    <p>Erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates an antigen from an immunogen?

    <p>Antigens can be both pathogenic and non-pathogenic, while immunogens are specifically pathogen-derived.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the body's ability to fight against non-self antigens?

    <p>Host defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about leukocytes is accurate?

    <p>Some leukocytes are involved in non-specific defense mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do dendritic cells play in the immune response?

    <p>They present pathogens to T-cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of antibodies produced by B-cells?

    <p>To neutralize pathogens by making them immobile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if B-cells identify a pathogen as benign?

    <p>They produce and multiply antibody-producing cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Humoral' refer to in the context of the immune response?

    <p>The response mechanism that occurs when a pathogen is recognized as harmful.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the immune response, what is the first step that T-cells undertake?

    <p>Recognize the pathogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pathogens

    • Pathogens cause transmissible diseases.
    • Pathogens are spread by direct contact, indirect contact, vectors, food/water contamination, and pollution.
    • Examples of pathogens include viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and worms.

    Diseases

    • A disease is a state of being uncomfortable.
    • Diseases are caused by pathogens and factors such as poor nourishment, genetics, and pollution.
    • Poverty can contribute to disease due to lack of access to basic needs.

    Classification of Diseases

    • Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens.
    • Non-infectious diseases are caused by internal factors and not by pathogens.
    • Communicable diseases are spread from person to person or animal to animal.
    • Non-communicable diseases are not contagious.

    Types of Diseases

    • Viral diseases: common cold, influenza, SARS, AIDS, dengue, COVID-19.
    • Bacterial diseases: Tuberculosis, pneumonia, typhoid.
    • Protozoal diseases: Cholera, typhoid, anthrax.
    • Parasitic diseases: Malaria, sleeping sickness, worms (Ascariasis, Elephantiasis), fungi (ringworm, aspergillosis, athlete's foot).

    Protozoal Diseases

    • Amoebiasis, Malaria, Sleeping sickness, and Kala-azar are examples.

    Worms

    • Ascariasis and Elephantiasis are examples.

    Fungi

    • Ringworm, Aspergillosis, Athlete's Foot are examples.

    Immunity

    • The immune system helps protect the body from pathogens.
    • Physical barriers include the skin, cilia, and mucous membranes.
    • Chemical barriers include stomach acid, saliva, and tears.
    • Cellular barriers include macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and leukocytes.

    Skin's Antibacterial Nature

    • The skin contains a protein called dermicidin which is antibacterial.

    Antigen vs. Immunogen

    • Antigens are proteins or carbohydrates present on the surface of cells.
    • Immunogens are non-self antigens that trigger an immune response.
    • The immune system differentiates between self and non-self antigens.

    Immune Response

    • Macrophages and dendritic cells are essential in the immune response.
    • Macrophages engulf pathogens, while dendritic cells present pieces of the pathogen (immunogen) to T-cells and B-cells.

    Specific Immune Response

    • T-cells recognize the presented immunogen.
    • B-cells produce antibodies specific to the antigen.
    • Antibodies attach to pathogens, making them immobile and easier for immune cells to destroy.

    Adaptive Immune System

    • The specific immune response is part of the adaptive immune system, which learns and remembers pathogens for future protection.
    • Blood groups are determined by antigens on red blood cells.

    Cholera

    • The cholera bacteria creates a toxin that affects chloride ion secretion.
    • This imbalance causes chloride ions to move from the blood to the small intestine.

    Campylobacter

    • Campylobacter causes food poisoning.
    • It is a type of bacteria that is a pathogen.

    Modes of Spread

    • Airborne transmission: spread through the air by sneezing or coughing. (COVID-19, influenza)
    • Water/Food transmission: spread through contaminated water or food. (cholera, typhoid)
    • Indirect contact transmission: spread through contact with contaminated surfaces or objects. (conjunctivitis)
    • Direct contact transmission: spread through direct contact with an infected person. (ringworm, AIDS, syphilis)

    Vectors

    • Vectors are organisms that transmit pathogens from sick individuals to healthy ones.
    • Examples: Malaria, Dengue Fever, Plague.

    Understanding the Body's Defenses

    • The skin, mucous membranes, stomach acid, and saliva are physical and chemical barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body. - The immune system, with its specialized cells, provides a further line of defense.
    • The immune system remembers pathogens it has encountered to provide long-term protection.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the world of pathogens and the diseases they cause. It covers the transmission methods, classifications, and types of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Test your knowledge on examples of viruses, bacteria, and the impact of factor like poverty on health.

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