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Questions and Answers
Which of the following diseases is associated with infected water transmission?
What is a common symptom associated with the consumption of contaminated food or water?
Which factor is NOT listed as a cause of diseases?
What type of pathogen is responsible for HIV transmission?
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How long can Chalara ash spores remain viable?
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What is the primary characteristic of a pathogen?
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Which method does NOT represent how pathogens are transmitted between hosts?
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Which of the following is NOT classified as a type of pathogen?
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Which factor is most directly related to increased vulnerability to diseases due to limited access to essential resources?
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What is a common example of a disease caused by a pathogen transmitted through direct contact?
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Which of the following is an example of indirect contact transmission?
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Which of the following classifications includes diseases that are caused by infectious agents?
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What immediate cause leads to the manifestation of diseases?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a contributing factor to diseases?
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Among the following options, which factor relates to environmental influence on disease susceptibility?
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Which of the following diseases is categorized as a viral disease?
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Which type of disease is characterized by its ability to spread from one person to another?
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Which of the following diseases is classified as non-communicable?
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Which disease is primarily caused by a bacterium?
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Which of the following is a protozoal disease?
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Which of the following diseases is primarily transmitted through airborne particles?
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What is the main role of vectors in disease transmission?
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Which of these modes of disease spread involves touching contaminated surfaces?
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What is a characteristic effect of cholera toxin on the human body?
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Campylobacter is best described as which of the following?
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Which of the following diseases is caused by a protozoan?
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What is one way that pathogens can spread?
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Which of these options is NOT a means of disease spread?
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Which fungal disease is characterized by an infection commonly found on the skin?
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Which of the following diseases is classified as a worm disease?
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What are the non-self antigens that trigger an immune response called?
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What role do macrophages play when an immunogen enters the body?
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Which cells are known for presenting pieces of immunogen to T-cells and B-cells?
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Which statement about blood groups is correct regarding immunogens?
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Which of the following correctly lists the sequence of steps when an immunogen enters the body?
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What role does the epidermis play in the body's defense system?
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Which of the following substances helps to trap pathogens in the body?
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What is the main function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
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Which of these is NOT a chemical barrier in the body?
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How does lysozyme contribute to the body's defense?
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What protein in the skin has antibacterial properties?
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Which of the following cells is NOT considered a cellular barrier in the immune system?
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What differentiates an antigen from an immunogen?
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Which term describes the body's ability to fight against non-self antigens?
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Which of the following statements about leukocytes is accurate?
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What role do dendritic cells play in the immune response?
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What is the main function of antibodies produced by B-cells?
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What happens if B-cells identify a pathogen as benign?
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What does the term 'Humoral' refer to in the context of the immune response?
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During the immune response, what is the first step that T-cells undertake?
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Study Notes
Pathogens
- Pathogens cause transmissible diseases.
- Pathogens are spread by direct contact, indirect contact, vectors, food/water contamination, and pollution.
- Examples of pathogens include viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and worms.
Diseases
- A disease is a state of being uncomfortable.
- Diseases are caused by pathogens and factors such as poor nourishment, genetics, and pollution.
- Poverty can contribute to disease due to lack of access to basic needs.
Classification of Diseases
- Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens.
- Non-infectious diseases are caused by internal factors and not by pathogens.
- Communicable diseases are spread from person to person or animal to animal.
- Non-communicable diseases are not contagious.
Types of Diseases
- Viral diseases: common cold, influenza, SARS, AIDS, dengue, COVID-19.
- Bacterial diseases: Tuberculosis, pneumonia, typhoid.
- Protozoal diseases: Cholera, typhoid, anthrax.
- Parasitic diseases: Malaria, sleeping sickness, worms (Ascariasis, Elephantiasis), fungi (ringworm, aspergillosis, athlete's foot).
Protozoal Diseases
- Amoebiasis, Malaria, Sleeping sickness, and Kala-azar are examples.
Worms
- Ascariasis and Elephantiasis are examples.
Fungi
- Ringworm, Aspergillosis, Athlete's Foot are examples.
Immunity
- The immune system helps protect the body from pathogens.
- Physical barriers include the skin, cilia, and mucous membranes.
- Chemical barriers include stomach acid, saliva, and tears.
- Cellular barriers include macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and leukocytes.
Skin's Antibacterial Nature
- The skin contains a protein called dermicidin which is antibacterial.
Antigen vs. Immunogen
- Antigens are proteins or carbohydrates present on the surface of cells.
- Immunogens are non-self antigens that trigger an immune response.
- The immune system differentiates between self and non-self antigens.
Immune Response
- Macrophages and dendritic cells are essential in the immune response.
- Macrophages engulf pathogens, while dendritic cells present pieces of the pathogen (immunogen) to T-cells and B-cells.
Specific Immune Response
- T-cells recognize the presented immunogen.
- B-cells produce antibodies specific to the antigen.
- Antibodies attach to pathogens, making them immobile and easier for immune cells to destroy.
Adaptive Immune System
- The specific immune response is part of the adaptive immune system, which learns and remembers pathogens for future protection.
- Blood groups are determined by antigens on red blood cells.
Cholera
- The cholera bacteria creates a toxin that affects chloride ion secretion.
- This imbalance causes chloride ions to move from the blood to the small intestine.
Campylobacter
- Campylobacter causes food poisoning.
- It is a type of bacteria that is a pathogen.
Modes of Spread
- Airborne transmission: spread through the air by sneezing or coughing. (COVID-19, influenza)
- Water/Food transmission: spread through contaminated water or food. (cholera, typhoid)
- Indirect contact transmission: spread through contact with contaminated surfaces or objects. (conjunctivitis)
- Direct contact transmission: spread through direct contact with an infected person. (ringworm, AIDS, syphilis)
Vectors
- Vectors are organisms that transmit pathogens from sick individuals to healthy ones.
- Examples: Malaria, Dengue Fever, Plague.
Understanding the Body's Defenses
- The skin, mucous membranes, stomach acid, and saliva are physical and chemical barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body. - The immune system, with its specialized cells, provides a further line of defense.
- The immune system remembers pathogens it has encountered to provide long-term protection.
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Description
This quiz explores the world of pathogens and the diseases they cause. It covers the transmission methods, classifications, and types of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Test your knowledge on examples of viruses, bacteria, and the impact of factor like poverty on health.