Questions and Answers
What is Yellow Fever?
A viral haemorrhagic fever
In which region is Yellow Fever most prevalent?
Africa and South America
What is the primary mode of transmission for Yellow Fever?
Mosquito bites (Aedes and haemogogus)
What is the typical incubation period for Yellow Fever?
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What is a common symptom of severe Yellow Fever?
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What is the name of the vaccine used to prevent Yellow Fever?
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What is the effect of Yellow Fever on the liver?
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What is the name of the disease caused by a viral zoonotic infection that affects domestic animals and humans?
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In which countries have there been outbreaks of Rift Valley Fever?
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What is the term for the outbreak of Rift Valley Fever in livestock?
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Study Notes
Epidemic and Pathogenesis
- Epidemic occurs in rainfalls, with floods, liver damage, and hepatocellular necrosis
- Transmission occurs through contact with infected animals or humans, including blood, body fluids, eye, and organs
- Incubation period is 2-6 days, with outcomes ranging from symptomatic to asymptomatic
- Complications include meningoencephalitis, ocular disease, haemorrhagic fever, and hepatitis
Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers (VHF)
- Group of severe illnesses caused by four groups of RNA viruses (Filoviridae, Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, and Flaviviridae)
- Most VHF infections occur in outbreaks, with severity and ability to spread widely among populations
- VHF can be used as biological weapons (bioterrorism)
Filoviridae
- Genus Filovirus: Ebola and Marburg
- Structure: filamentous, pleomorphic, enveloped, helical nucleocapsid, linear single-stranded RNA (-ve sense)
- Ebola: first identified in 1976 in Zaire (DRC), with mortality rates up to 90%
- Ebola has 5 subtypes: Zaire, Sudan, Cot’ivoir, Bundibugyo, and Reston
Ebola
- Pathogenesis: classical VHF plus extensive widespread necrosis in liver, spleen, kidneys, heart, and lymph nodes
- Clinical features: incubation period 2-21 days, prodrome phase, bleeding stage, and late stage
- Diagnosis: complete blood count, liver function test, virology, serology, molecular, and immunohistochemistry
- Management: antiviral therapy under trials, supportive therapy, and maintenance of fluid and electrolytes balance
- Prevention: vaccine under trials, isolation of cases, health staff precautions, and proper environmental decontamination
Dengue Fever
- Most common arboviral infection in humans, with highest prevalence in Southeast Asia
- Risk factors: age, gender, preexisting antibodies, and genetic factors
- Transmission: Aedes aegypti, early morning and late afternoon feeder
- Pathogenesis: marked vascular permeability, shock, and hepatic involvement
- Clinical features: incubation period 3-14 days, 4 syndromes (undifferentiated fever, classical dengue fever, dengue haemorrhagic fever, and dengue shock syndrome)
- Diagnosis: haematological, virological, and serology
- Management: supportive treatment, vaccine under research, and mosquito control
Yellow Fever
- An arboviral infection ranging from acute febrile illness to life-threatening viral haemorrhagic fever
- Largest prevalence in Africa and South America
- Transmission: mosquitoes (Aedes and Haemogogus)
- Clinical features: incubation period 3-6 days, mild disease, and severe (malignant) disease
- Diagnosis: haematological, virological, and serology
- Management: supportive, prevention through personal protective measures, mosquito control, and vaccination
Rift Valley Fever
- Viral zoonotic infection causing severe disease in domestic animals and humans
- Outbreaks occurred in Africa (Sudan, Kenya) and Arabic peninsula (Saudi Arabia and Yemen)
- Zoonotic infection, epizootic (livestock problem)
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