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Questions and Answers
How do bacterial capsules contribute to pathogenicity?
How do bacterial capsules contribute to pathogenicity?
- By breaking down cell contents
- By resisting macrophage phagocytosis (correct)
- By producing toxins
- By altering cellular respiration
Viruses replicate independently without relying on the host cell's protein synthesis mechanisms.
Viruses replicate independently without relying on the host cell's protein synthesis mechanisms.
False (B)
What is dimorphism in fungi, and how does it contribute to their pathogenicity?
What is dimorphism in fungi, and how does it contribute to their pathogenicity?
Dimorphism is the ability of fungi to switch between a saprophytic mycelium form and a parasitic yeast form, which enhances pathogenicity by allowing them to adapt to different environments and host conditions during infection.
Certain protozoa enter host cells using __________ protrusion.
Certain protozoa enter host cells using __________ protrusion.
Match the following virulence factors with their primary function:
Match the following virulence factors with their primary function:
What is the role of host B lymphocytes in prion pathogenesis?
What is the role of host B lymphocytes in prion pathogenesis?
Ectoparasites typically secrete proteins that enhance the host's inflammatory response.
Ectoparasites typically secrete proteins that enhance the host's inflammatory response.
How does IgA protease secreted by bacteria contribute to their pathogenicity?
How does IgA protease secreted by bacteria contribute to their pathogenicity?
Hookworms secrete __________ proteins to reduce the host immune response.
Hookworms secrete __________ proteins to reduce the host immune response.
How do non-enveloped viruses typically deliver their genome into host cells?
How do non-enveloped viruses typically deliver their genome into host cells?
Flashcards
Pili and Fimbriae
Pili and Fimbriae
Hair-like projections from the bacterial cell wall that attach to host cell receptors.
Viral Adhesion and Replication
Viral Adhesion and Replication
Adhere to host cells via surface proteins and replicate using the host's protein synthesis mechanisms.
Fungal Adhesion and Survival
Fungal Adhesion and Survival
Wall or capsule molecules permit adhesion and thermotolerance assists in survival.
Protozoal Invasion
Protozoal Invasion
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Hookworm Evasion
Hookworm Evasion
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Prion Invasion
Prion Invasion
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Bacterial Enzymes
Bacterial Enzymes
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Bacterial Capsules
Bacterial Capsules
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Study Notes
- Pathogens use various strategies for adhesion and invasion, depending on their type.
Bacteria
- Pili and fimbriae, which are hair-like projections from the cell wall, enable bacteria to attach to host cell receptors.
- Adhesions and biofilms on the bacterial cell surface aid in attachment.
- Bacterial proteins can translocate into host cells.
- Enzymes break down cell contents.
- Capsules resist macrophage phagocytosis.
- Chemicals destroy immune defenses, such as IgA Protease.
- Toxins can damage host cells by altering cellular respiration.
Viruses
- Surface proteins adhere to host cell surface receptors, which is essential since viruses rely on hosts to reproduce.
- They replicate using the host cells' protein synthesis mechanisms.
- Entry methods include receptor-mediated endocytosis, where the virus is enclosed in a protein envelope.
- Non-enveloped viruses form a pore to deliver their genome.
- Some viruses use the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi body to bud from the surface.
- Others enter with an envelope and inject their nucleic material for replication.
Fungi
- Wall or capsule molecules facilitate adhesion to host cells.
- Thermotolerance allows survival at temperatures higher than air temperature.
- Dimorphism involves conversion from saprophytic mycelium to parasitic yeast during heat increase.
- Cell walls and capsules protect fungi from host cells.
- Hydrolytic enzymes damage host cells and provide nutrients for the fungus.
- Evasion mechanisms include capsule production and suppression of cytokines.
Protozoa
- Protozoa use microtube protrusion to enter host cells.
- Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi (uses receptor-mediated attachment, recruits lysosomes to fuse with the cell membrane) employ specific mechanisms for host cell entry.
- Enzymes and toxins impact host cell function.
- Pathogens enter vacuoles and deactivate lysosomal enzymes.
Macroparasites
- Strategies vary by type:
- Hookworms secrete immunomodulatory proteins, reducing the host immune response.
- Ticks attach using specialized mouthparts and attachment cement.
- They secrete molecules into the host to prevent vasoconstriction and clotting.
- Endo-parasites generally secrete proteins to inhibit immune response.
- Ecto-parasites use specialized mouth parts and enzymes to prevent inflammation.
Prions
- Host B lymphocytes enable prions to invade dendritic cells in lymph tissue.
- From lymph, prions invade nervous tissue through autonomic nerves.
- They may piggyback on proteins like ferritin to move into the gut.
- Nerve signaling is severely impacted by protein misfolding.
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