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Questions and Answers
What is a possible cause of iron-deficiency anemia in women?
What is a possible cause of iron-deficiency anemia in women?
- Deficient diet
- Chronic blood loss
- Increased demands
- All of the above (correct)
What is a characteristic of red blood cells in iron-deficiency anemia?
What is a characteristic of red blood cells in iron-deficiency anemia?
- Macrocytic and oval-shaped
- Normochromic and normocytic
- Hypochromic and microcytic (correct)
- Poikilocytic and teardrop-shaped
What is a common symptom of iron-deficiency anemia?
What is a common symptom of iron-deficiency anemia?
- Fatigue
- Glossitis
- Stomatitis
- All of the above (correct)
What is the treatment for iron-deficiency anemia?
What is the treatment for iron-deficiency anemia?
What is a potential consequence of chronic iron-deficiency anemia?
What is a potential consequence of chronic iron-deficiency anemia?
What is a characteristic of iron-deficiency anemia in children?
What is a characteristic of iron-deficiency anemia in children?
What is a possible cause of iron-deficiency anemia in adolescents?
What is a possible cause of iron-deficiency anemia in adolescents?
What is a physical examination finding in iron-deficiency anemia?
What is a physical examination finding in iron-deficiency anemia?
What is the main reason for decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood in anemia?
What is the main reason for decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood in anemia?
What is the primary cause of iron deficiency anemia?
What is the primary cause of iron deficiency anemia?
Which of the following is a diagnostic test for anemia?
Which of the following is a diagnostic test for anemia?
What is the term for anemia characterized by small red blood cells?
What is the term for anemia characterized by small red blood cells?
What is the purpose of measuring MCV and MCHC in anemia diagnosis?
What is the purpose of measuring MCV and MCHC in anemia diagnosis?
What is the primary function of ferritin in diagnosing iron deficiency anemia?
What is the primary function of ferritin in diagnosing iron deficiency anemia?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of anemia of deficient RBC production?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of anemia of deficient RBC production?
What is the result of impaired DNA synthesis in anemia?
What is the result of impaired DNA synthesis in anemia?
What is the primary cause of B12-deficiency anemia?
What is the primary cause of B12-deficiency anemia?
What is the treatment for B12-deficiency anemia?
What is the treatment for B12-deficiency anemia?
What is a common manifestation of B12-deficiency anemia?
What is a common manifestation of B12-deficiency anemia?
What is the primary characteristic of aplastic anemia?
What is the primary characteristic of aplastic anemia?
What is a common cause of aplastic anemia?
What is a common cause of aplastic anemia?
What is the prognosis for aplastic anemia if left untreated?
What is the prognosis for aplastic anemia if left untreated?
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Study Notes
Anemia
- Abnormally low level of hemoglobin, circulating RBCs, or both, leading to decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood
- Can result from impaired production, increased destruction, or massive/chronic blood loss of RBCs
- Impaired production can be due to nutritional deficiencies, aplastic anemia, or bone marrow depression
- Increased destruction can be due to hemolytic anemia, sickle cell anemia, or thalassemia
- Massive/chronic blood loss can be due to trauma, GI bleed, or surgery
General Manifestations
- Caused by decreased hemoglobin, hypoxia, and compensatory mechanisms attempting to increase O2 delivery
- Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, pallor, difficulty concentrating, and irritability
Diagnostic Tests
- Complete Blood Count (CBC) measures hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC count, and RBC size and color indices
- Blood Smear examines stained blood under a microscope
- Bone Marrow Aspiration examines bone marrow if blood smear is abnormal
- CBC results can indicate microcytic, macrocytic, or normocytic anemia
Iron-Deficiency Anemia
- Decreased iron for hemoglobin synthesis, leading to decreased oxygen carrying capacity
- RBCs are hypochromic and microcytic, with poikilocytosis and anisocytosis
- Etiology includes chronic blood loss, dietary deficiency, and increased demands in women and adolescents
- Symptoms include fatigue, lethargy, weakness, pallor, cold intolerance, and brittle nails
- Treatment involves improved diet, iron supplements, and identification of blood loss causes
Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia
- Megaloblastic anemia with large, oval-shaped RBCs, poikilocytosis, and teardrop shapes
- Vitamin B12 is necessary for RBC production and DNA synthesis
- Etiology includes vitamin B12 deficiency, pernicious anemia, and lack of intrinsic factor in the stomach
- Symptoms include classic anemia symptoms, numbness, tingling, and burning in feet and hands, and mental impairment
- Treatment involves vitamin B12 injections, and prognosis is good with treatment
Aplastic Anemia
- Bone marrow failure leads to decreased RBC production, with RBCs being normal in size and shape
- Etiology includes congenital, industrial chemicals, infections, chemotherapy drugs, and idiopathic causes
- Pathophysiology involves exposure to toxins leading to bone marrow depression
- Manifestations include insidious onset, fatigue, weakness, pallor, petechiae, ecchymosis, bleeding, and increased risk of infection
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