Patakarang Piskal: Layunin at Pamamaraan

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes fiscal policy?

  • A set of rules governing the stock market.
  • A monetary tool used to regulate interest rates.
  • Government's use of taxation and spending to influence the economy. (correct)
  • Regulations imposed on international trade agreements.

What is the primary goal of expansionary fiscal policy?

  • To decrease government spending.
  • To reduce the amount of money in circulation.
  • To stimulate a sluggish economy. (correct)
  • To curb inflation.

Which economic scenario is most suited for a contractionary fiscal policy?

  • A period of deflation.
  • A period of low unemployment.
  • A period of rapid economic growth leading to high inflation. (correct)
  • A period of recession.

In the context of fiscal policy, which of the following is an example of 'paggasta'?

<p>Government spending. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'fisc' refer to in relation to fiscal policy?

<p>A bag or basket, relating to money held by the government. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely outcome of decreased government spending and increased taxes?

<p>Decreased inflation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the government budget primarily based on?

<p>The priority of the government, including education, health, social welfare, and basic services. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If resources are underutilized and demand is low, which fiscal policy would be most appropriate?

<p>Expansionary fiscal policy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a typical source of government revenue?

<p>Taxes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of indirect tax?

<p>Value-added tax (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does progressive tax work?

<p>The amount of tax increases as income increases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of taxes 'para magregularisa'?

<p>To control excess in a business or activity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which expenditure program includes funds to purchase assets like capital stocks of government-owned corporations?

<p>Capital Outlays. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Net Lending' refer to in the context of government expenditure?

<p>Payments for government debts related to government-owned corporations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the main goal of contractionary fiscal policy?

<p>Reduce inflation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which situation would most likely lead a government to implement expansionary fiscal policy?

<p>A recession (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tax is collected directly from individuals and businesses?

<p>Direct tax (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of taxes intended 'para magsilbing proteksyon'?

<p>To protect local industries from foreign competition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is included under Current Operating Expenditures?

<p>Salaries of government employees (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration in preparing the government budget?

<p>The government's priorities for sectors like education and healthcare. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Fiscal Policy

Fiscal policy involves government's use of taxation and spending to influence the economy.

Expansionary Fiscal Policy

Expansionary fiscal policy aims to stimulate a sluggish economy.

Contractionary Fiscal Policy

Contractionary fiscal policy aims to reduce excessive economic growth

Goal of Expansionary Policy

Aims to stimulate a sluggish economy.

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Goal of Contractionary Policy

Aims to reduce excessive economic growth.

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Response in Expansionary Policy

Involves increasing government spending and decreasing taxes.

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Response in Contractionary Policy

Involves decreasing government spending and increasing taxes.

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Current Operating Expenditures

Funds for purchasing goods/services (ex: wages), and operational costs

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Capital Outlays

Funds to purchase assets yielding future benefits.

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Net Lending

Down payments of government debt.

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Direct Tax

Collected directly: impacts income.

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Indirect Tax

Collected indirectly: imposed on commodities and services.

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Proportional Tax

Percentage taxed doesn't depend on situation.

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Progressive Tax

Tax rate increases as income increases.

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Regressive Tax

Tax rate decreases as income increases.

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Tax for Revenue

Aims to raise funds for government operations

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Tax to Regularise

Aims to decrease a task or a business.

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Tax as Protection

Aims to protect interests of local industries.

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Study Notes

  • Ang layunin ng aralin ay suriin ang layunin at pamamaraan ng patakarang piskal.
  • Ipapaliwanag ang mga katangian ng mga patakarang piskal.
  • Upang ikumpara ang dalawang uri ng patakarang piskal.
  • Papahalagahan ang kahalagahan ng patakarang piskal sa kasalukuyang ekonomiya.

Ano ang Fiscal Policy?

  • Ang "fisc" ay salitang Latin para sa "bag" o "basket".
  • Ang "fiscal" ay iniuugnay sa bag ng salapi o sa salaping hawak ng pamahalaan, na nangungulekta ng salapi sa pamamagitan ng buwis.
  • Ang patakarang piskal ay tumutukoy sa paggamit ng pamahalaan ng pagbubuwis at paggasta upang mabago ang galaw ng ekonomiya.

2 Uri ng Patakarang Piskal

  • May dalawang paraan na ginagamit ng pamahalaan sa ilalim ng patakarang piskal upang mapangasiwaan ang paggamit ng pondo nito at maiwasan ang implasyon at recession.
  • Ito ay ang expansionary at contractionary

Expansionary Fiscal Policy

  • May layuning mapasigla ang matamlay na ekonomiya.
  • Nagaganap kapag mababa ang demand at output ng produkto.
  • Nagaganap kapag ang mga yaman ay hindi nagagamit.
  • Ang pagtugon dito ay ang pataasin ang paggasta at pababain ang pagbubuwis.

Contractionary Fiscal Policy

  • May layuning bawasan ang sobrang paglago ng pambansang ekonomiya.
  • Madalas gamitin upang kontrolin ang mataas na demand-pull inflation.
  • Nagaganap kapag ang ekonomiya ay overheated.
  • Kapag ang mga yaman ay nauubos.
  • Ang pagtugon dito ay ang pababain ang paggasta at pataasin ang pagbubuwis.

Budget ng Pamahalaan

  • Inihanda ayon sa prayoridad ng pamahalaan kung saan ang edukasyon, pangkalusugan, social welfare at pangunahing serbisyo ang pinaglalaanan nito.
  • Mayroong budget ayon sa iba't-ibang sektor.
  • Mayroon ding budget ayon sa iba't-ibang kagawaran at special purpose fund.
  • Ang budget ng pamahalaan ay masusing pinag-aaralan upang mapamahagi ang tamang alokasyon ag pondo.
  • Mayroon ding budget ayon sa expense class.
  • Mayroon ding budget ayon sa mga rehiyon.

Paggasta Ayon sa Expenditure Program

  • Ang mga pondo at salaping nalilikom ay may katumbas na paggastos, kung kaya kailangan ang epektibong paggasta.
  • Ang expenditure program ay nakabatay sa pinakamataas na gastusing nararapat sa mga pananagutang dapat maipagkaloob sa buong taon at nahahati sa tatlo.

Current Operating Expenditures

  • Para sa pagbili ng mga produkto at serbisyong tulad ng Personal Services (hal. ay para sa sahod, dagdag sweldo at cost of living allowance ng mga permanente, pansamantala, kontraktuwal at casual na empleyado ng pamahalaan).
  • Para din ito sa Maintenance and Other Operating Expenses-MOOE (tulad ng supplies, transportasyon, tubig, koryente at iba pang kumpunihin).

Capital Outlays

  • Pondong nakalaan upang makabili ng mga produkto at serbisyong makapagbibigay asset sa pamahalaan tulad ng mga capital stock ng Government-owned and Controlled Corporation (GOCC) at iba pang mga subsidies nito.

Net Lending

  • Paunang bayad sa mga utang ng pamahalaan na inilaan para sa mga programang may kaugnayan sa mga korporasyong pagmamay-ari ng pamahalaan.

Pinagmulan ng Kita

  • Buwis.
  • Interes ng salaping nakadeposito sa Banko Sentral ng Pilipinas.
  • Tulong mula sa mga dayuhan at pampribadong institusyon at mga ari-ariang pagmamay-ari ng pamahalaan.

Uri ng Buwis Ayon sa Kung Sino ang Apektado

  • Tuwiran / Direct - direktang kinokolekta mula sa mga indibidwal at bahay-kalakal (hal. Witholding tax).
  • Hindi-tuwiran / Indirect - nakokolekta naman ito mula sa mga kalakal at paglilingkod. (hal. value-added tax).

Uri ng Buwis Ayon sa Porsiyentong Ipinapataw

  • Proposiyonal - anumang kalagayan sa buhay pantay lamang ang bahagdan ng buwis na ipinapataw.
  • Progresibo - habang tumataas ang kinikita ng isang indibidwal o korporasyon, tataas din ang halaga ng buwis na kanyang babayaran.
  • Regresibo - kapag lumalaki ang kita, bumababa naman ang kanyang buwis.

Uri ng Buwis Ayon sa Layunin

  • Para kumita - upang makalikom ng mga salaping magagamit sa mga operasyon nito (hal. sales tax, income tax).
  • Para magregularisa - upang makontrol ang kalabisan ng isang gawain o negosyo (hal. Excise tax).
  • Para magsilbing proteksyon - upang pangalagaan ang interes ng mga lokal na sektor laban sa mga dayuhang kakompetensiya (hal. taripa).

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