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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of the pots filled with milk, butter-milk, and ghee carried by the Bakarwals?
What is the purpose of the pots filled with milk, butter-milk, and ghee carried by the Bakarwals?
- To store food for winter
- To transport water during migration
- To provide nutrition for a day's meal (correct)
- To trade with other herders
What environmental condition do the Gujjars seek when moving their herds to the upper range?
What environmental condition do the Gujjars seek when moving their herds to the upper range?
- High elevation terrains for grazing (correct)
- Dry areas to prevent mud accumulation
- Warmer climates to avoid cold
- Snow-covered pastures
During which month do the Gaddi shepherds typically move north for the summer?
During which month do the Gaddi shepherds typically move north for the summer?
- April (correct)
- June
- January
- August
What do the herds benefit from the temperate climate in the summer months?
What do the herds benefit from the temperate climate in the summer months?
What seasonal pattern do both the Bakarwals and Gaddi shepherds follow?
What seasonal pattern do both the Bakarwals and Gaddi shepherds follow?
What primarily dictated the seasonal movements of the Kurumas and Kurubas?
What primarily dictated the seasonal movements of the Kurumas and Kurubas?
Which of the following activities were NOT associated with the lifestyle of the Gollas as described by Buchanan?
Which of the following activities were NOT associated with the lifestyle of the Gollas as described by Buchanan?
Why did the Raikas combine cultivation with pastoralism?
Why did the Raikas combine cultivation with pastoralism?
What was a common trait among the Banjaras in their grazing practices?
What was a common trait among the Banjaras in their grazing practices?
What was the primary resource the Gollas supplied to towns?
What was the primary resource the Gollas supplied to towns?
Flashcards
Seasonal migration of Bakarwals
Seasonal migration of Bakarwals
The Bakarwals, a group of nomadic pastoralists, move their herds seasonally between high mountain pastures in summer and lower hills in winter.
Gujjar herds and high-altitude grazing
Gujjar herds and high-altitude grazing
Gujjar herdsmen move their livestock to higher elevations during the hottest part of the year. They look for good quality grass in the higher mountains.
Gaddi shepherds and winter grazing
Gaddi shepherds and winter grazing
Gaddis are another group of shepherds who spend their winters in the foothills of the Siwalik range and their summers in the Lahul and Spiti regions.
Pastoral nomadism
Pastoral nomadism
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Seasonal movement of herds
Seasonal movement of herds
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Kuruma and Kuruba livelihood
Kuruma and Kuruba livelihood
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Banjara lifestyle
Banjara lifestyle
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Seasonal movement of pastoralists
Seasonal movement of pastoralists
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Pastoralists near forests
Pastoralists near forests
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Raika survival strategy
Raika survival strategy
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Study Notes
Pastoralists in the Modern World
- Pastoralists are people who move from place to place to earn a living
- They graze animals, like goats, sheep, camels, and cattle.
- Pastoralists are often nomadic, meaning they don't live in one place permanently.
- They are important to many societies, including India and Africa.
- Their history, lifestyles, and struggles are often overlooked.
- Pastoralists frequently live on the edges of forests.
- In the past, people like the Gujjars and Gaddis moved seasonally for grazing
- The Gujjars and Gaddis graze their animals in the mountains/forests in the summers and move to the plains/scrub forests in the winters.
- The Gaddis, and other tribes, moved to the mountains for the summer grazing and then to the Siwalik foothills for winter grazing.
- People like the Raikas, in western Rajasthan, primarily reared camels.
- Camel herding tribes faced specific challenges related to the lack of rainfall in their region.
- Their lifestyle has been impacted by colonialism.
- Colonial rule often restricted their grazing lands and movement.
- This resulted in less pasture and difficulties with feeding animals.
- Some pastoral groups were classified as criminal tribes.
- Colonial governments imposed various taxes, like grazing taxes.
- This led to many pastoralists losing their land and livelihood.
Colonial Rule and Pastoral Life
- Colonial governments wanted to convert grazing land into farmland.
- They wanted more revenue.
- They enacted laws restricting or eliminating access to forests.
- Forest Acts prevented pastoralists from using forests for grazing
- Colonial rule resulted in pastoral groups losing their traditional grazing lands.
- Many different pastoral groups faced these changes.
- Many pastoralists' lives were negatively affected.
Pastoralism in Africa
- Many African pastoral communities, including the Maasai and others, depend on livestock.
- They were greatly impacted by colonialism.
- Colonial rule changed the pastoral groups' grazing areas and restricted their movement.
- The Maasai have lost much of their land for white settlement
- The Maasai's traditional practices were restricted due to colonial regulations.
- Colonial intervention significantly changed their lifestyle and social structures.
- Other African pastoral groups experienced similar hardships.
How Pastoralists Coped with Changes
- Some pastoralists reduced the number of animals they owned.
- Some moved or found new places to graze their cattle
- Others combined new ways to earn income like working in towns and trade.
- Some pastoralists may have sold their animals to adapt to new conditions
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