Password Security Overview

A string of symbols used to restrict access to a computer or system.

To control who can use a computer or system.

Any key on a keyboard, including letters, numbers, and symbols.

Easily guessed passwords like 'password', '123456', etc.

At least 15 symbols; ideally 60 or more.

Using lowercase letters, uppercase letters, numbers, and punctuation characters.

An outdated rule suggesting minimum 8 characters with 4 different types.

Software that securely stores and manages your passwords.

Difficulty remembering complex passwords

A sentence used as a password, making it easier to remember.

A sequence of symbols that restricts access to a computer system. It's like a secret code to unlock the door to your digital space.

To ensure only authorized individuals can access a computer or system. Prevents unwanted access and protects sensitive information.

Any key on the keyboard, including letters, numbers, and punctuation marks.

Common passwords, like 'password' or '123456', are easily guessed by hackers. These are like using a key with a universal lock.

Create passwords with at least 15 symbols. The longer, the harder it is to guess.

Combine symbols like lowercase letters, uppercase letters, numbers, and punctuation.

Strong passwords use a variety of symbols from different groups.

An outdated rule suggesting a minimum length of 8 characters with at least one lower case, uppercase, number, and special character.

Combining many, diverse symbols makes it tough to recall passwords, especially for longer ones.

Software that securely stores and manages your passwords. They act like a safe for your digital keys.

A memorable sentence used as a password, making it easier to recall.

They provide a longer, more memorable password compared to a simple string of symbols.

In computers, adding binary numbers is limited by the available bits. This means that the result might not fit within the allocated space, leading to overflow.

Unsigned numbers represent only positive values and zero. They don't have a sign bit to represent negative values.

When adding unsigned numbers, if the result exceeds the maximum value representable by the available bits, an overflow occurs, losing the carry bit.

Signed numbers can represent both positive and negative values. They use a sign bit to indicate the sign.

When adding signed numbers, if the result exceeds the maximum value, an overflow occurs. This can happen even without a carry.

The condition when the result of a calculation exceeds the maximum value (or falls below the minimum value) representable by the data type.

The result of a calculation is too small to be represented by the data type.

Overflow errors can cause program crashes, security vulnerabilities, and even physical damage in safety-critical systems.

The first flight of Ariane 5 rocket failed due to integer overflow, leading to the rocket exploding after launch.

A Patriot missile system miscalculated its target due to an integer overflow, resulting in a friendly-fire incident and casualties.

Use larger data types, check values before calculations, or use specific programming language features to detect overflow.

Check if the result of a calculation is outside the expected range.

Use larger data types, check for inconsistencies in the result (e.g., positive sum yielding a negative result), or use specific language features designed for overflow detection.

A classification of data in programming languages, defining the type and range of values that can be stored.

The smallest unit of information in a computer, representing either a 0 or a 1.

A bit used in binary addition to indicate if a value has overflowed to the next digit.

A method used to represent signed integers in computers, allowing both positive and negative values to be represented.

The minimum and maximum values that a data type can represent in a computer.

Computers have limitations in terms of memory and processing power, impacting how they handle data and computations.

Systems where errors could have disastrous consequences for human life or the environment, such as medical devices or aircraft.

Potential risks to the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of data or systems, such as unauthorized access or data breaches.

The loss of monetary value due to errors or failures.

Tragic consequences resulting from errors or failures, leading to death.

The Ariane 5 rocket failure resulted in an estimated financial loss of over $370 million.

The Patriot missile failure resulted in 28 soldiers killed and 100 injured.

The practice of reusing existing software components in new projects, potentially leading to unforeseen consequences.

An adjustment made to a vehicle or device to ensure it stays on track.

A mechanism that automatically destroys a device or vehicle to prevent its capture or damage.

A deviation from the intended trajectory, resulting in a miss.

The accidental targeting of friendly forces by their own troops, often due to misidentification.

A type of ballistic missile used by Iraq during the Gulf War.