Passive Avoidance and Hypothermia-Induced Amnesia

• Study notes based on the images provided

Passive Avoidance and Hypothermia-Induced Amnesia

• Rats trained to fear the dark side of a chamber were shocked to measure retention.
• Four groups were tested: immersion with immediate, short, long, or longest delay.
• The immersion experiment group was put into cold water to induce hypothermia after being shocked.
• The immersion control group was put into room-temperature water after training.
• The retention control group was trained but not exposed to water.
• Rats put into cold water immediately after training had the worst retention.
• As the delay between shock and cold water increased, retention improved across groups.
• Memory cannot be impaired once it is consolidated and issues with proper consolidation leads to forgetting.

Memory Enhancement with CER via Lick Suppression Task

• Rats were deprived of water for eight hours before the experiment.
• Rats were placed in a chamber with water, and a weak shock was administered.
• Varying levels of epinephrine were injected immediately after the shock or after delays.
• Twenty-four hours later, rats were put back into the chamber to measure the time it took to drink water.
• Rats given epinephrine immediately after the shock took the longest to drink water on the test day.
• Rats injected with saline did not show the same response as those injected with epinephrine.
• Epinephrine can act as a signal to enhance memory because it is a stress hormone that increases glucose levels in the bloodstream.

Glucose and Lick Suppression

• The experiment involved minor changes from the study above.
• One group was injected immediately after the shock, while other groups were injected with varying levels of glucose.
• Best memory occurred when rats were injected immediately after the shock with a dose of 100 mg/kg
• The glucose needs time to be processed by the body.
• An inverted U-shape relationship exists as memory increased with a dose up to 100 mg/kg.
• Doses over 100 mg/kg impaired memory.
• Glucose enhances memory up to 100 mg/kg.
• Need to test of saline vs glucose after a delay to see true effects.

Glucose Effects on Prose Memory

• Elderly humans (ages 60-83) were divided into saccharine and glucose groups.
• Participants drank saccharine or glucose and read a prose story.
• One week later, they were asked to recall details of the story.
• They then drank the opposite substance and read another story
• One week later, they were asked to recall details about the second story.
• Glucose elevated blood sugar levels but returned to baseline after 15 minutes.
• Participants recalled twice as many details on glucose than on saccharine.
• Elevated glucose and blood sugar levels enhance memory formation and consolidation.

PA and Amnesia Treatment on Consolidation

• Rats were trained on passive avoidance.
• Amnesiac treatment, such as hypothermia or an injection, was given immediately, 3 minutes, 10 minutes, or 20 minutes after training.
• Memory was tested the next day.
• Animals given treatment immediately after training had very bad memory.
• Animals given treatment after 20 minutes had better memory
• Memory cannot be impaired after it has been consolidated.

Lick Suppression with ACTH Injections

• Animals are presented two different clips: arousing and neutral.
• PET scans were taken (amygdala) while looking at clips to see glucose activity.
• Participants returned three weeks later and were asked to free recall the clips.
• Asked to write down arousal of clips too
• Rats injected with ACTH at a dose of 0.3 showed the best memory and highest lick latency.
• An ACTH can enhance memoery consolidation through a delay.

PNAS on Stress Response

• Two different clips were present, arousing and neutral
• Used a PET scans (amygdala) to see brain activity while watching clips
• Participants returned 3 weeks later and asked to recall clips.
• The more active the amygdala, the better the memory during recall
• In the second part, participants were exposed to same picstures again, but only getting to see arousing clips
• Results showed arousal increased stress-related hormones, releasing glucose
• Better memory as a result of stress hormone is needed to remmeber emotional memories.

Noradrenaline on Memory Consolidation AND Reconsolidation

• Put into novel context and shocked
• injected with Yohimbine on re-activation
• Injecting imm after even when consolidated can enahnce memory, making modifiable.
• consolidated memerories cannot be modified
• A memory ca noly be mnofidice when "active" ie when reconsolidated

BA Antagonist on Social Memories

• Rats were put into a box with two cylinders; one with another rat, the other empty
• Rats explored the chamber when the other rat was in the cylinder.
• A retention test was done 24 hours after.
• animals got a BA antagonist called Timolol- result was it has a negative affect on memory around the old animals

BA Agonist on Appetitive Memories

• Rats were trained in a two-armed chamber, with each animal having a preference for one side.
• rats pre-exposed to determine preferrence
• the memory was enhanced by the BA agonist called Clumbuterol inc activity in the adrenergic system; it help enahncing it.

BA Receptor Manipulation

• Gave the animal a shock and injected with yohimbine
• repeated but given reminded shocks
• memory showd enhaned memory and reatdivated when necessary

PA and PRPs on Memory Consolidation

• Trained on PA / step down procedure
• Exposed an animal to an open field to promote PRP
• Group exposed to an open field had stronger consolidation
• protein sytheisis help enhance memories and blocks them.

Propanol on Memory Consolidation

• Exposed to 50 pics, one day take palcebo, day 2 to reacticiate, and dya 3 asked to identify pics
• Reconsoldated memoried did not have high levels of beta adenergic avctivity.

Spatial Memory

• Two kinds of tests, Olton radial maze (number of arms that have teats in them
• Morris water maze (circular pool, has to find the hidden platform)

Neural Bases and Neuron Tagging

• Rats put in novel context, with ARchTh injected- which tagged the neurons being used to remmeber conttext
• injected other rats with opsin
• tested how much remebered with shock looking with freezing
• Excitory opson enances facial memory
• One can inhibitin or create a false memory by manipulating neurons

Hippocampus Size in Cowbirds Sexual Sinophisisns

• Cowbirds need to search for nests
• Only females search for nests - tested and trained in the water maze for testing
• Lower error scores= better memory - measured using a cup test
• Bigger Hippocampus helps us have better spatial memeory

Hippocampus Size in Voles

• Dimorphisism
• tested in a lab environement- more polygamous animals were higher at spatial memory tasks.

Disproving the Developmental Model of learned Fear (Disproving Conditioned eqivilance)

• Tests by foring a CS-US association for all ages of rats.
• Fear respones chnaged based on how old animals are
• PG freezing; heart rate also increased
• can test a rat and see if it has these things and know how old the animal is.

Lesioning the Hippocamus (HC) During Development

• Tested prolonged exposure to glucoceritoirds on 18 to 22 day old rats
• Grouped into home cage and isoleation
• Rats at home frozenized more than rats isolated
• exposure to isolaton effect the HC

Lesionign HC on fear repsojnse

• Puts rat in novel context and some HC removed before the
• Animals with no fear of lesion freeze more and did not jump as much due to no startle.

Mobile train task on memory development

• Tested on baies fro 3-6 monts old
• BABAES C AN LEARTHINGS - faster rare, IA when younger.

Mobile task on meme retrival

• Testing memory task via REACTIVIAITION- with a 3- mins exporsure too mobile

Pa on Infantile Amnesia

• Teseted on rtas adn tested after 42 days- PA task
• Age at training is important
• INfantile Amnesia from how old they were when trained.

Fear Test on LA

• Preented a novel stimulus rat tested for HAbituation (physical/heatrate)
• The memeory doens depende on where the ran was trianing too.

PA task on reconliation and retrieval in rats

• Testsed with 30 shocks/4 weeks or reminders
• Reminders werent eungh to create a memory, but se eungh tot endten th elife of it

TMz to block NG

• BLock NG in theory make them learn better-
• If they bloacked the NG in infants - no amnesia

Exerise to Promote NG

• Runs on wwehel, tests freezxre response

Brugs too promote ng

• INjrcting ,mmdiatley after being shocked -