Parvoviridae

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Questions and Answers

Parvovirus is environmentally stable.

True (A)

Why is disinfection of premises contaminated with parvoviruses difficult?

The virus is susceptible to most common disinfectants.
The virus is highly unstable outside the host.
Parvoviruses are very stable in the environment. (correct)
The virus cannot survive outside a host for more than a few hours.

Where does parvovirus replication occur?

In the cytoplasm of dividing cells.
In the nucleus of dividing cells. (correct)
In the mitochondria of infected cells.
In both dividing and non-dividing cells.

Why can parvoviruses only replicate in actively dividing cells?

They rely on mitotic enzymes from the host cell. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about human parvovirus B19 is TRUE?

It belongs to the genus erythrovirus. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Replication takes place in the nucleus of dividing cells, which creates ______________

Intranuclear inclusion bodies Signup and view all the answers

The virus is capable of replicating in actively dividing cells and stationary cells.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Virus replication occurs only in cells that pass through ________

Mitotic S phase Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for feline panleukopenia?

Feline distemper or feline infectious enteritis Signup and view all the answers

Which population of cats is most severely affected by feline panleukopenia?

Kittens (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why is feline panleukopenia virus considered ubiquitous?

Its highly contagious nature and environmental persistence make it widespread. (C) Signup and view all the answers

At what age are unvaccinated kittens protected by maternal antibodies against feline panleukopenia?

Up to 3 months of age (B) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of unvaccinated healthy cats show antibody titers against feline panleukopenia by 1 year of age?

75% (C) Signup and view all the answers

How long can recovered cats shed feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) in their urine or feces?

6 weeks (C) Signup and view all the answers

How is FPV primarily maintained in cat populations?

By environmental persistence of the virus (B) Signup and view all the answers

What precaution should owners take before introducing a new kitten into a household that previously had a kitten die from feline panleukopenia?

Only introduce a kitten that has been properly vaccinated. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a known transmission route for FPV?

Airborne transmission over long distances (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the hallmark of feline panleukopenia?

Severe leukopenia (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does severe leukopenia indicate in feline panleukopenia cases?

A poorer prognosis (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which white blood cell elements are destroyed in feline panleukopenia?

All white blood cell elements, including lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, and platelets (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why does thrombocytopenia sometimes accompany leukopenia in feline panleukopenia?

Damage to the bone marrow affects platelet production. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In feline panleukopenia enteritis, which part of the intestinal mucosa does the virus selectively damage?

Crypt cells of the intestinal mucosa (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for villus blunting and fusion in feline panleukopenia?

Loss of villus cells is not replaced due to crypt cell destruction. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of villus atrophy in feline panleukopenia?

Severe malabsorption and diarrhea (D) Signup and view all the answers

What can early in-utero infection with feline panleukopenia virus cause in pregnant queens?

Infertility, fetal death, resorption, and mummified fetuses (B) Signup and view all the answers

Infection with feline panleukopenia virus near the end of gestation can result in:

Kittens with variable effects on late-developing neural tissues (A) Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the effects of late-gestation FPV infection on kittens in the same litter?

Kittens show variable effects depending on the stage of neural development. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the central nervous system is most commonly affected by feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) infection?

Cerebellum (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of cerebellar hypoplasia in kittens infected with FPV during late pregnancy or early neonatal development?

Lysis of mitotic cells in the external germinal layer (B) Signup and view all the answers

At what age do clinical signs of cerebellar hypoplasia typically become apparent in kittens?

At 3-4 weeks of age (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common clinical sign of feline panleukopenia?

Weight gain and polyphagia (C) Signup and view all the answers

Queens infected or vaccinated with FPV during pregnancy may exhibit which reproductive abnormality?

Infertility or abortion of dead/mummified fetuses (B) Signup and view all the answers

What ocular abnormality may be observed in kittens infected with FPV?

Retinal degeneration (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) develop in kittens with FPV infection?

Endotoxin-induced expression of tissue factor (Factor III) on endothelial cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What role does tissue factor (Factor III) play in FPV-associated disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

Activates the coagulation cascade (D) Signup and view all the answers

Gram-negative endotoxemia, with or without bacteremia is a common sequelae of systemic FPV infection

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Math the affected cells to its consequences

Intestinal crypt cells = Villous collapse, enteritis Lymph node, thymus = Germinal center depletion, apoptosis of lymphocytes, thymic atrophy Bone marrow = Stem cell depletion All cells in fetus = Fetal death Signup and view all the answers

Match the affected cells to their clinical manifestation

Intestinal crypt epithelium = Diarrhea Lymph node, thymus = Lymphopeniaa Bone marrow = Neutropenia (later also thrombocytopenia and anemia) All cells in fetus = Loss of fetus Signup and view all the answers

Which hematological finding is most consistent with feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) infection?

Neutropenia (C) Signup and view all the answers

A total white blood cell (WBC) count below which threshold is associated with a poorer prognosis in feline panleukopenia?

2000 cells/µL (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test is commonly used for detecting feline panleukopenia virus antigen in feces?

ELISA or immunochromatographic test kit (D) Signup and view all the answers

How long can fecal viral antigen testing remain positive after a cat receives a modified live virus (MLV) vaccine for FPV?

2 weeks (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why do single-sample antibody titers have limited diagnostic value in feline panleukopenia?

They cannot distinguish between past exposure, vaccination, or active infection (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is required to confirm an acute feline panleukopenia infection using serology testing?

A fourfold increase in antibody titers between paired serum samples taken 2 weeks apart (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of fluid therapy in the treatment of feline panleukopenia?

To counteract dehydration and electrolyte imbalances (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which disinfectant is effective in inactivating feline panleukopenia virus?

Bleach (6% sodium hypochlorite) (B) Signup and view all the answers

In large catteries, which practice is essential to controlling the spread of feline panleukopenia?

Strict hygiene and quarantine of incoming cats (D) Signup and view all the answers

How long must the bleach sit in order to disinfect areas infected with feline parvovirus?

10 minutes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccine is available for feline panleukopenia?

Both live attenuated (MLV) and inactivated (C) Signup and view all the answers

Modified live vaccines (MLV) for feline panleukopenia should NOT be given to which of the following?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why should MLV vaccines not be administered to pregnant cats?

They can cause abortion or fetal abnormalities (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical significance of Canine Parvovirus 1 (CPV-1) in dogs?

Causes mild to inapparent illness, mostly diarrhea in young pups (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which canine parvovirus type is considered a major infectious disease in dogs?

CPV-2 (B) Signup and view all the answers

How many antigenic variants of CPV-2 exist? What are they?

Three. CPV-2a, CPV-2b and CPV-2c Signup and view all the answers

The distribution of Canine parvovirus: In North America _ and _ are more common

CPV-2b and CPV-2c Signup and view all the answers

Why is Canine Parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) considered highly contagious?

It is highly resistant to many common detergents and disinfectants (B) Signup and view all the answers

How long can infectious CPV-2 persist indoors at room temperature?

At least 2 months (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary modes of transmission for CPV-2?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are major clinical manifestations of CPV-2 infection?

Enteritis, myocarditis, panleukopenia, and neurological disease (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic gross finding in enteritis caused by CPV-2?

Ballooned small intestine (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does CPV-2-associated myocarditis primarily develop in puppies?

In utero infection or infection in pups less than 6 weeks old (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of CPV-2-induced myocarditis in puppies?

Sudden death or acute cardiopulmonary failure (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the clinical signs observed in puppies with acute myocarditis?

Dyspnea, crying and retching Signup and view all the answers

Why is serology (antibody detection) NOT a reliable method for diagnosing CPV in dogs?

Most dogs are vaccinated or have been previously exposed to CPV (B) Signup and view all the answers

At what age is vaccination with a modified live CPV vaccine recommended?

6-8 weeks, 10-12 weeks, 14-16 weeks Signup and view all the answers

How often should a booster vaccine for CPV be administered after the initial puppy series?

Every 3 years (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why are inactivated CPV vaccines recommended for pregnant dogs or colostrum-deprived puppies under 6-8 weeks old?

Modified live vaccines can cause myocarditis or cerebellar damage (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why is oseltamivir (Tamiflu) sometimes used in treating CPV enteritis, despite CPV not using neuraminidase for replication?

It prevents bacterial neuraminidase activity, which may aid bacterial invasion of the GI tract (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym SMEDI stand for in relation to Porcine Parvovirus (PPV)?

Stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death and infertility Signup and view all the answers

How do most gilts in a herd become immune to Porcine Parvovirus (PPV)?

By natural infection before conception (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of transmission of Porcine Parvovirus (PPV) in non-immune pregnant sows?

Oro-nasal exposure followed by transplacental transmission (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the venereal transmission of Porcine Parvovirus (PPV)?

It is possible but not the main route of infection (B) Signup and view all the answers

How long does it take for Porcine Parvovirus (PPV) to reach the fetus after maternal infection?

15 days (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a hallmark clinical sign of Porcine Parvovirus (PPV) infection?

Increase in mummified fetuses after a normal gestation period (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a fetus is infected with Porcine Parvovirus (PPV) at less than 30 days of gestation?

The fetus dies and is resorbed, and the dam may return to estrus (C) Signup and view all the answers

At what stage of gestation does a fetus infected with PPV typically become mummified?

30-70 days (B) Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens to a porcine fetus infected with PPV after 70 days of gestation?

It develops lesions but mounts an immune response and usually survives (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do adult pigs (boars, sows, and gilts) usually present when infected with PPV?

Mostly inapparent or subclinical infection (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why are serological tests of limited value in diagnosing PPV?

The virus is widespread in swine, and vaccination may interfere with results (C) Signup and view all the answers

How is Porcine Parvovirus (PPV) unique compared to most other parvoviruses?

It can cause persistent infection with periodic virus shedding (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the best way to prevent PPV infection in breeding stock?

Vaccinate all susceptible breeding stock twice, 2 weeks apart, several weeks before breeding (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is an alternative method of immunizing gilts against PPV infection?

Mingling them with older breeding stock that may be shedding the virus (B) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Parvovirus stability

Parvovirus is stable and can persist in the environment.

Parvovirus replication site

Parvoviruses replicate here, requiring the host cell's mitotic enzymes.