Parts of Speech Overview

Nouns
- Names of people, places, things, or ideas.
- Types: Common, Proper, Collective, Abstract.
Pronouns
- Replace nouns to avoid repetition.
- Types: Personal, Possessive, Reflexive, Demonstrative, Interrogative, Indefinite.
Verbs
- Describe actions, states, or occurrences.
- Types: Action (transitive/intransitive), Linking, Auxiliary (helping).
Adjectives
- Describe or modify nouns.
- Types: Descriptive, Quantitative, Demonstrative, Possessive.
Adverbs
- Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
- Answer questions: How? When? Where? To what extent?
Prepositions
- Show relationships between nouns/pronouns and other words.
- Examples: in, on, at, by, with, about.
Conjunctions
- Connect words, phrases, or clauses.
- Types: Coordinating (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so), Subordinating, Correlative.
Interjections
- Express emotions or exclamations.
- Examples: Oh! Wow! Ouch!

Simple Sentences
- Contains one independent clause.
- Example: The dog barks.
Compound Sentences
- Contains two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction.
- Example: The dog barks, and the cat meows.
Complex Sentences
- Contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
- Example: Although the dog barks, the cat remains calm.
Compound-Complex Sentences
- Contains at least two independent clauses and one dependent clause.
- Example: The dog barks, and the cat meows because it is hungry.

Present Tense
- Simple: I walk.
- Continuous: I am walking.
- Perfect: I have walked.
- Perfect Continuous: I have been walking.
Past Tense
- Simple: I walked.
- Continuous: I was walking.
- Perfect: I had walked.
- Perfect Continuous: I had been walking.
Future Tense
- Simple: I will walk.
- Continuous: I will be walking.
- Perfect: I will have walked.
- Perfect Continuous: I will have been walking.

Periods (.)
- End statements.
Commas (,)
- Separate items in a list, after introductory elements, before conjunctions in compound sentences.
Semicolons (;)
- Link closely related independent clauses.
Colons (:)
- Introduce lists or explanations.
Quotation Marks (“”)
- Enclose direct speech or quotations.

Misplaced Modifiers
- Ensure modifiers are placed next to the words they modify.
Run-on Sentences
- Use proper punctuation to separate independent clauses.
Sentence Fragments
- Ensure every sentence has at least a subject and a verb.

Active Voice: The subject performs the action.
- Example: The chef cooked the meal.
Passive Voice: The subject receives the action.
- Example: The meal was cooked by the chef.

Nouns are classified as Common, Proper, Collective, or Abstract; they name people, places, things, or ideas.
Pronouns take the place of nouns to prevent repetition and include Personal, Possessive, Reflexive, Demonstrative, Interrogative, and Indefinite types.
Verbs describe actions, states, or occurrences and are categorized into Action (including transitive and intransitive), Linking, and Auxiliary (helping) verbs.
Adjectives modify nouns, providing descriptions or specifications, and can be Descriptive, Quantitative, Demonstrative, or Possessive.
Adverbs enhance verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs and answer questions related to manner, time, place, and degree.
Prepositions establish relationships between nouns/pronouns and other words, utilizing terms such as in, on, at, by, with, and about.
Conjunctions serve to connect words, phrases, or clauses; they can be Coordinating (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so), Subordinating, or Correlative.
Interjections are used to express emotions or exclamations with examples like Oh!, Wow!, and Ouch!

Simple sentences consist of a single independent clause, e.g., "The dog barks."
Compound sentences include two or more independent clauses linked by conjunctions, e.g., "The dog barks, and the cat meows."
Complex sentences contain one independent clause paired with at least one dependent clause, e.g., "Although the dog barks, the cat remains calm."
Compound-complex sentences feature at least two independent clauses and one dependent clause, e.g., "The dog barks, and the cat meows because it is hungry."

Present tense consists of four forms: Simple (I walk), Continuous (I am walking), Perfect (I have walked), and Perfect Continuous (I have been walking).
Past tense also has four forms: Simple (I walked), Continuous (I was walking), Perfect (I had walked), and Perfect Continuous (I had been walking).
Future tense includes Simple (I will walk), Continuous (I will be walking), Perfect (I will have walked), and Perfect Continuous (I will have been walking).

Subject and verb must match in number; singular subjects pair with singular verbs, e.g., "She runs" vs. plural "They run."

Periods are used to conclude statements.
Commas separate items in lists, follow introductory elements, and appear before conjunctions in compound sentences.
Semicolons link closely related independent clauses.
Colons introduce lists or explanations.
Quotation marks enclose direct speech or quotations.

Misplaced modifiers should be positioned next to the words they modify for clarity.
Run-on sentences require appropriate punctuation to separate independent clauses effectively.
Sentence fragments lack a subject or verb, failing to form a complete thought.

In Active Voice, the subject of the sentence performs the action; for example, "The chef cooked the meal."
In Passive Voice, the subject receives the action; for example, "The meal was cooked by the chef."