Parts of Speech: Nouns, Pronouns, and Verbs

Parts of Speech

• Nouns are words used to name a person, place, or thing e.g., Akbar, Chennai, Computer, Dog.
• Nouns can be Proper (Hari, Akbar, Stephen, Kayal, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India), Common (boy, girl, woman, tree, animal, school, student, teacher), Collective (police, army, crowd, people, team, nation, family), Abstract (Quality- Kindness, honesty Action- laughter, hatred State- Youth), or Material (gold, silver, fiber, diamond, wood, clay, cotton).
• Pronouns are words used instead of a noun e.g., I, We, You, He, She, It, They, Me, Us, Him, Her, Them.
• Subject pronouns (I, We, You, He, She, It, They) are personal pronouns used as the subject of a verb.
• Object pronouns (Me, Us, You, Him, Her, It, Them) replace a noun as an object.
• Possessive adjectives (My, Your, Her, Our) show something belongs to somebody.
• Possessive pronouns (mine, yours, hers, ours) replace the possessive adjective.
• Verbs express an action or a state e.g., come, read, speak, write, learn, am, is, was, are, have, had, do, does, did.
• Transitive verbs express action with an object.
• Intransitive verbs express action without an object.
• Adverbs describe or modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb e.g., very, beautifully, cleverly, quickly, quite, possibly, never, often.
• Adjectives describe or modify a noun e.g., beautiful, intelligent, good, bad, clever, little, honest, some, great, large.
• Quality adjectives show the kind or quality of a person or thing while quantity adjectives describe the quantity of something.
• Number adjectives show how many persons or things are meant or in what order a person stands.
• Demonstrative adjectives point to which noun or pronoun adjectives include- this, that, these, those.
• Interrogative adjectives pose a question.
• Comparative adjectives are made by adding "-er" to the adjective.
• Superlative adjectives are made by adding "-est" to the adjective.
• Prepositions are words placed before a noun or a pronoun to show its relation to something else e.g., in, of, at, on, by, for, from, out, to, up, with, about, into.
• Conjunctions join words or sentences e.g., and, but, because, or, so, still, if, as, before, though, neither...nor, so that, either...or.
• Coordinating conjunctions link words, clauses, or phrases of equal importance, the most common conjunctions include and, but, or.
• Subordinating conjunctions link a dependent clause to an independent clause, the most common conjunctions include after, as, until, unless, when, whenever, etc.
• Correlative conjunctions function in pairs, the most common conjunctions include either...or, both....and, neither....nor.
• Interjections express some sudden feeling e.g., Alas, Wow, Hurrah, Oh, Hello, Ah, Hush, Bravo.

Modal Verbs

• Modals (helping verbs) express ability, possibility, permission, or obligation.
• Common modals include must, shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, dare, and need.
• Modal phrases combine helping verbs and prepositions (e.g., ought to, used to).
• Modals can show if something is certain, probable, or possible.
• can is used to ask for permission: Can I ask a question, please?
• could is a more formal and polite version for requesting permission from something from somebody: Could I ask a question please?
• Imperative requests for something are achieved through could you and would you.

Prepositions of Time

• Prepositions of time indicate when an event happened and include in, on, at, since, for, and during.
• Specifics include in to describe the events of mornings, at to describe the exact time a specific event occurred and on is used to describe that a certain event occurred on a date.

Prepositions of Place

• Prepositions of place indicate location and come before a noun or pronoun, common examples include in, on, between, behind, under, over, and near.

Prepositions of Movement

• Prepositions of movement describe movement, including to, into, towards, and through.

Specific Prepositions

• 'Since' refers to a particular point in time.
• 'For' refers to the duration of time.
• 'During' and 'in' describe actions happening in a specific period.
• 'Between' names definite, individual items.
• 'Among' is used when items are part of a group and not specifically named.