Parts of Speech in English Grammar

Common Nouns: Words that refer to general categories or concepts, often referred to by a name or a term. Examples: dog, university, happiness
Proper Nouns: Words that refer to specific, unique entities, often beginning with a capital letter. Examples: John, London, Google
Collective Nouns: Words that refer to a group or collection of people, animals, or things. Examples: family, team, flock
Abstract Nouns: Words that refer to intangible concepts or ideas, often characterized by their ability to be felt or perceived. Examples: love, freedom, justice
Compound Nouns: Words that are formed by combining two or more words, often with a hyphen or space between them. Examples: bookshelf, carpool
Uncountable Nouns: Words that refer to things that cannot be counted or measured, often referred to as masses or quantities. Examples: water, air, noise
Countable Nouns: Words that refer to things that can be counted or measured, often referred to as quantities. Examples: apple, chair, car

Note: Nouns can also be classified based on their semantic field, such as concrete nouns (tangible objects) or intangible nouns (abstractions).

: Words that refer to people, places, things, and ideas

Common nouns: cat, city
Proper nouns: John, London
Collective nouns: family, team
Abstract nouns: happiness, freedom
Verbs: Words that express action or a state of being
- Action verbs: run, jump
- Linking verbs: be, seem
- Helping verbs: will, would
- Transitive verbs: eat, read
- Intransitive verbs: sleep, laugh
Adjectives: Words that describe or modify nouns or pronouns
- Quantitative adjectives: five, sixth
- Qualitative adjectives: happy, tall
- Demonstrative adjectives: this, that
Adverbs: Words that describe or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
- Manner adverbs: quickly, loudly
- Time adverbs: yesterday, soon
- Place adverbs: here, there
- Frequency adverbs: often, rarely
Pronouns: Words that replace nouns in a sentence
- Personal pronouns: I, you, he
- Possessive pronouns: my, your, his
- Reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, himself
- Demonstrative pronouns: this, that
Prepositions: Words that show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words
- Words of location: in, on, at
- Words of direction: to, from, up
- Words of time: at, by, during
Conjunctions: Words that connect words, phrases, or clauses
- Coordinating conjunctions: and, but, or
- Subordinating conjunctions: because, although, if
Interjections: Words that express emotion or feeling
- Oh, wow, ouch

Clauses: Groups of words containing a subject and a predicate
- Independent clauses: complete sentences
- Dependent clauses: incomplete sentences
Phrases: Groups of words without a subject or predicate
- Noun phrases: the dog, the big house
- Verb phrases: will run, has eaten
- Adjective phrases: very happy, extremely tired
- Adverb phrases: very quickly, extremely loudly
Sentence Types:
- Simple sentences: one independent clause
- Compound sentences: two or more independent clauses
- Complex sentences: one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
- Compound-complex sentences: two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

Present Tense: Used to describe actions that are happening now
- Simple present: I go, she eats
- Present continuous: I am going, she is eating
- Present perfect: I have gone, she has eaten
- Present perfect continuous: I have been going, she has been eating
Past Tense: Used to describe actions that happened in the past
- Simple past: I went, she ate
- Past continuous: I was going, she was eating
- Past perfect: I had gone, she had eaten
- Past perfect continuous: I had been going, she had been eating
Future Tense: Used to describe actions that will happen in the future
- Simple future: I will go, she will eat
- Future continuous: I will be going, she will be eating
- Future perfect: I will have gone, she will have eaten
- Future perfect continuous: I will have been going, she will have been eating

Nouns: categorized into common (cat, city), proper (John, London), collective (family, team), and abstract (happiness, freedom)
Verbs: classified into action (run, jump), linking (be, seem), helping (will, would), transitive (eat, read), and intransitive (sleep, laugh)
Adjectives: divided into quantitative (five, sixth), qualitative (happy, tall), and demonstrative (this, that)
Adverbs: categorized into manner (quickly, loudly), time (yesterday, soon), place (here, there), and frequency (often, rarely)
Pronouns: classified into personal (I, you, he), possessive (my, your, his), reflexive (myself, yourself, himself), and demonstrative (this, that)
Prepositions: show relationships between nouns/pronouns and other words, including location (in, on, at), direction (to, from, up), and time (at, by, during)
Conjunctions: connect words, phrases, or clauses, including coordinating (and, but, or) and subordinating (because, although, if)
Interjections: express emotion or feeling, such as oh, wow, and ouch

Clauses: independent (complete sentences) and dependent (incomplete sentences)
Phrases: categorized into noun (the dog, the big house), verb (will run, has eaten), adjective (very happy, extremely tired), and adverb (very quickly, extremely loudly)
Sentence Types: simple (one independent clause), compound (two or more independent clauses), complex (one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses), and compound-complex (two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses)

Present Tense: used to describe current actions, including simple present (I go, she eats), present continuous (I am going, she is eating), present perfect (I have gone, she has eaten), and present perfect continuous (I have been going, she has been eating)
Past Tense: used to describe past actions, including simple past (I went, she ate), past continuous (I was going, she was eating), past perfect (I had gone, she had eaten), and past perfect continuous (I had been going, she had been eating)
Future Tense: used to describe future actions, including simple future (I will go, she will eat), future continuous (I will be going, she will be eating), future perfect (I will have gone, she will have eaten), and future perfect continuous (I will have been going, she will have been eating)