Parts of Speech

Parts of Speech

• Nouns: Words that refer to people, places, things, and ideas
  • Common nouns: cat, city
  • Proper nouns: John, London
  • Collective nouns: family, team
  • Abstract nouns: happiness, freedom
• Pronouns: Words that replace nouns in a sentence
  • Personal pronouns: I, you, he, she, it
  • Possessive pronouns: my, your, his, her, its
  • Reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
• Verbs: Words that express action or a state of being
  • Action verbs: run, jump, read
  • Linking verbs: be, seem, appear
  • Helping verbs: will, would, shall
• Adjectives: Words that describe or modify nouns or pronouns
  • Quantitative adjectives: one, two, three
  • Qualitative adjectives: happy, big, blue
• Adverbs: Words that describe or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
  • Manner adverbs: quickly, loudly, wisely
  • Time adverbs: yesterday, today, tomorrow
  • Place adverbs: here, there, everywhere

Sentence Structure

• Simple sentences: One independent clause
  • Example: I like coffee.
• Compound sentences: Two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
  • Example: I like coffee, and I also like tea.
• Complex sentences: One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
  • Example: I like coffee because it helps me stay awake.
• Compound-complex sentences: Two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses
  • Example: I like coffee because it helps me stay awake, and I also like tea because it helps me relax.

Clause Types

• Independent clause: A clause that can stand alone as a complete sentence
  • Example: I like coffee.
• Dependent clause: A clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence
  • Example: because it helps me stay awake
• Relative clause: A dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun (who, which, that)
  • Example: The book, which is on the table, is mine.

Tense and Aspect

• Present tense: Action happens now
  • Example: I am studying English.
• Past tense: Action happened in the past
  • Example: I studied English yesterday.
• Future tense: Action will happen in the future
  • Example: I will study English tomorrow.
• Aspect: The way the action is viewed
  • Simple aspect: Focus on the action itself
  • Progressive aspect: Focus on the action in progress
  • Perfect aspect: Focus on the completion of the action
  • Perfect progressive aspect: Focus on the action that started in the past and continues up to the present

Parts of Speech

• Nouns refer to people, places, things, and ideas, and can be classified into:
  • Common nouns (e.g., cat, city)
  • Proper nouns (e.g., John, London)
  • Collective nouns (e.g., family, team)
  • Abstract nouns (e.g., happiness, freedom)
• Pronouns replace nouns in a sentence, including:
  • Personal pronouns (e.g., I, you, he, she, it)
  • Possessive pronouns (e.g., my, your, his, her, its)
  • Reflexive pronouns (e.g., myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself)
• Verbs express action or a state of being, and can be classified into:
  • Action verbs (e.g., run, jump, read)
  • Linking verbs (e.g., be, seem, appear)
  • Helping verbs (e.g., will, would, shall)
• Adjectives describe or modify nouns or pronouns, and can be classified into:
  • Quantitative adjectives (e.g., one, two, three)
  • Qualitative adjectives (e.g., happy, big, blue)
• Adverbs describe or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, and can be classified into:
  • Manner adverbs (e.g., quickly, loudly, wisely)
  • Time adverbs (e.g., yesterday, today, tomorrow)
  • Place adverbs (e.g., here, there, everywhere)

Sentence Structure

• Simple sentences consist of one independent clause
• Compound sentences consist of two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
• Complex sentences consist of one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
• Compound-complex sentences consist of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

Clause Types

• Independent clauses can stand alone as a complete sentence
• Dependent clauses cannot stand alone as a complete sentence
• Relative clauses are dependent clauses that begin with a relative pronoun (who, which, that)

Tense and Aspect

• Present tense indicates action happening now
• Past tense indicates action happened in the past
• Future tense indicates action will happen in the future
• Aspect refers to the way the action is viewed, including:
  • Simple aspect (focus on the action itself)
  • Progressive aspect (focus on the action in progress)
  • Perfect aspect (focus on the completion of the action)
  • Perfect progressive aspect (focus on the action that started in the past and continues up to the present)