Parts of Speech

Nouns: Words that refer to people, places, things, and ideas
- Common nouns: cat, city
- Proper nouns: John, London
- Collective nouns: family, team
- Abstract nouns: happiness, freedom
Pronouns: Words that replace nouns in a sentence
- Personal pronouns: I, you, he, she, it
- Possessive pronouns: my, your, his, her, its
- Reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
Verbs: Words that express action or a state of being
- Action verbs: run, jump, read
- Linking verbs: be, seem, appear
- Helping verbs: will, would, shall
Adjectives: Words that describe or modify nouns or pronouns
- Quantitative adjectives: one, two, three
- Qualitative adjectives: happy, big, blue
Adverbs: Words that describe or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
- Manner adverbs: quickly, loudly, wisely
- Time adverbs: yesterday, today, tomorrow
- Place adverbs: here, there, everywhere

Simple sentences: One independent clause
- Example: I like coffee.
Compound sentences: Two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
- Example: I like coffee, and I also like tea.
Complex sentences: One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
- Example: I like coffee because it helps me stay awake.
Compound-complex sentences: Two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses
- Example: I like coffee because it helps me stay awake, and I also like tea because it helps me relax.

Independent clause: A clause that can stand alone as a complete sentence
- Example: I like coffee.
Dependent clause: A clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence
- Example: because it helps me stay awake
Relative clause: A dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun (who, which, that)
- Example: The book, which is on the table, is mine.

Present tense: Action happens now
- Example: I am studying English.
Past tense: Action happened in the past
- Example: I studied English yesterday.
Future tense: Action will happen in the future
- Example: I will study English tomorrow.
Aspect: The way the action is viewed
- Simple aspect: Focus on the action itself
- Progressive aspect: Focus on the action in progress
- Perfect aspect: Focus on the completion of the action
- Perfect progressive aspect: Focus on the action that started in the past and continues up to the present

Nouns refer to people, places, things, and ideas, and can be classified into:
- Common nouns (e.g., cat, city)
- Proper nouns (e.g., John, London)
- Collective nouns (e.g., family, team)
- Abstract nouns (e.g., happiness, freedom)
Pronouns replace nouns in a sentence, including:
- Personal pronouns (e.g., I, you, he, she, it)
- Possessive pronouns (e.g., my, your, his, her, its)
- Reflexive pronouns (e.g., myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself)
Verbs express action or a state of being, and can be classified into:
- Action verbs (e.g., run, jump, read)
- Linking verbs (e.g., be, seem, appear)
- Helping verbs (e.g., will, would, shall)
Adjectives describe or modify nouns or pronouns, and can be classified into:
- Quantitative adjectives (e.g., one, two, three)
- Qualitative adjectives (e.g., happy, big, blue)
Adverbs describe or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, and can be classified into:
- Manner adverbs (e.g., quickly, loudly, wisely)
- Time adverbs (e.g., yesterday, today, tomorrow)
- Place adverbs (e.g., here, there, everywhere)

Simple sentences consist of one independent clause
Compound sentences consist of two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
Complex sentences consist of one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
Compound-complex sentences consist of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

Independent clauses can stand alone as a complete sentence
Dependent clauses cannot stand alone as a complete sentence
Relative clauses are dependent clauses that begin with a relative pronoun (who, which, that)

Present tense indicates action happening now
Past tense indicates action happened in the past
Future tense indicates action will happen in the future
Aspect refers to the way the action is viewed, including:
- Simple aspect (focus on the action itself)
- Progressive aspect (focus on the action in progress)
- Perfect aspect (focus on the completion of the action)
- Perfect progressive aspect (focus on the action that started in the past and continues up to the present)