Parts of Speech and Sentence Structure

Nouns: Names of people, places, things, or ideas (e.g., cat, London, happiness).
Pronouns: Words that replace nouns (e.g., he, she, it, they).
Verbs: Action or state of being words (e.g., run, is, think).
Adjectives: Describe or modify nouns (e.g., blue, tall, interesting).
Adverbs: Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g., quickly, very).
Prepositions: Show relationships between nouns/pronouns and other words (e.g., in, on, at).
Conjunctions: Connect words, phrases, or clauses (e.g., and, but, or).
Interjections: Express emotions or exclamations (e.g., wow, oh, ouch).

Simple Sentence: Contains one independent clause (e.g., The dog barks).
Compound Sentence: Contains two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction (e.g., The dog barks, and the cat meows).
Complex Sentence: Contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause (e.g., Although the dog barks, the cat remains calm).
Compound-Complex Sentence: Contains two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause (e.g., The dog barks, and the cat meows when it sees a squirrel).

Present Simple: Describes habitual actions (e.g., She walks to school).
Present Continuous: Describes ongoing actions (e.g., She is walking to school).
Past Simple: Describes completed actions (e.g., She walked to school).
Past Continuous: Describes actions that were ongoing in the past (e.g., She was walking to school).
Future Simple: Describes actions that will happen (e.g., She will walk to school).
Present Perfect: Describes actions that occurred at an unspecified time (e.g., She has walked to school).
Past Perfect: Describes actions that were completed before another past action (e.g., She had walked to school).

Rule: Subjects and verbs must agree in number (singular/plural).
- Singular: He runs.
- Plural: They run.

Active Voice: Subject performs the action (e.g., The chef cooks the meal).
Passive Voice: Subject receives the action (e.g., The meal is cooked by the chef).

First word of a sentence: Always capitalize.
Proper nouns: Names of specific people, places, or organizations (e.g., John, Paris).
Titles: Capitalize important words in titles of books, articles, etc.

Nouns identify people, places, things, or concepts (e.g., cat, London, happiness).
Pronouns substitute for nouns to avoid repetition (e.g., he, she, it, they).
Verbs indicate actions or states of being (e.g., run, is, think).
Adjectives provide descriptions or modifications to nouns (e.g., blue, tall, interesting).
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs for clarity (e.g., quickly, very).
Prepositions demonstrate relationships involving nouns or pronouns (e.g., in, on, at).
Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses (e.g., and, but, or).
Interjections express emotions or abrupt exclamations (e.g., wow, oh, ouch).

A simple sentence contains a single independent clause (e.g., The dog barks).
A compound sentence joins two or more independent clauses with a conjunction (e.g., The dog barks, and the cat meows).
A complex sentence combines one independent clause with at least one dependent clause (e.g., Although the dog barks, the cat remains calm).
A compound-complex sentence features multiple independent clauses alongside at least one dependent clause (e.g., The dog barks, and the cat meows when it sees a squirrel).

Present simple indicates habitual actions (e.g., She walks to school).
Present continuous denotes ongoing actions happening now (e.g., She is walking to school).
Past simple reflects actions completed at a previous time (e.g., She walked to school).
Past continuous describes actions that were ongoing in the past (e.g., She was walking to school).
Future simple outlines actions expected to occur (e.g., She will walk to school).
Present perfect refers to actions that happened at an unspecified time (e.g., She has walked to school).
Past perfect conveys actions completed before another action in the past (e.g., She had walked to school).

Subjects and verbs must match in number; singular subjects use singular verbs (e.g., He runs), whereas plural subjects take plural verbs (e.g., They run).

Active voice highlights the subject performing the action (e.g., The chef cooks the meal).
Passive voice emphasizes the subject receiving the action (e.g., The meal is cooked by the chef).

Fragment errors arise from incomplete sentences missing a main clause.
Run-on sentences improperly join multiple independent clauses without adequate punctuation.
Misplaced modifiers occur when modifiers are distanced from the words they describe.
Subject-verb agreement errors involve incorrect pairing of subjects and verbs.

Always capitalize the first word of a sentence.
Proper nouns, such as specific names, places, or organizations (e.g., John, Paris), require capitalization.
Important words in titles of books, articles, etc., should be capitalized.

Differentiate between formal and informal language styles according to context and audience.
Clarity in communication ensures ideas are conveyed effectively.
Conciseness promotes removing unnecessary words for better focus and brevity.