Parts of Speech and Sentence Structure

Nouns: Words that name people, places, things, or ideas (e.g., cat, city, freedom).
Pronouns: Words that replace nouns (e.g., he, she, it, they).
Verbs: Action or state of being words (e.g., run, is, feel).
Adjectives: Words that describe nouns (e.g., blue, tall, interesting).
Adverbs: Words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g., quickly, very, well).
Prepositions: Words that show the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and other words (e.g., in, on, at).
Conjunctions: Words that connect clauses, sentences, or words (e.g., and, but, or).
Interjections: Words that express strong emotion or surprise (e.g., wow, ouch, hey).

Simple Sentence: Contains one independent clause (e.g., She runs).
Compound Sentence: Contains two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction (e.g., She runs, and he swims).
Complex Sentence: Contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause (e.g., Although she was tired, she ran).
Compound-Complex Sentence: Contains multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause (e.g., She runs, and he swims because it is fun).

Present Simple: Regular actions or truths (e.g., I eat).
Past Simple: Completed actions in the past (e.g., I ate).
Future Simple: Actions that will occur (e.g., I will eat).
Present Continuous: Ongoing actions (e.g., I am eating).
Past Continuous: Ongoing actions in the past (e.g., I was eating).
Present Perfect: Actions that have occurred at some point before now (e.g., I have eaten).
Past Perfect: Actions that were completed before another action in the past (e.g., I had eaten).

The subject and verb must agree in number (singular/plural).
- Singular: The dog barks.
- Plural: The dogs bark.

Period (.): Ends a declarative sentence.
Comma (,): Indicates a pause or separates items in a list.
Question Mark (?): Ends a question.
Exclamation Mark (!): Expresses strong emotion.
Quotation Marks (" "): Enclose direct speech or quotations.
Apostrophe (’): Indicates possession or forms contractions (e.g., the dog’s leash, can’t).

Run-on Sentences: Two or more independent clauses joined without proper punctuation.
Fragments: Incomplete sentences that lack a subject or verb.
Misplaced Modifiers: Words that are not placed correctly in a sentence (e.g., "She almost drove her kids to school every day" vs. "She drove her kids to school almost every day").
Subject-Verb Disagreement: When subjects and verbs do not agree in number.

Active Voice: The subject performs the action (e.g., The cat chased the mouse).
Passive Voice: The subject receives the action (e.g., The mouse was chased by the cat).

Zero Conditional: General truths (e.g., If you heat water, it boils).
First Conditional: Possible future events (e.g., If it rains, I will stay home).
Second Conditional: Hypothetical situations (e.g., If I had a million dollars, I would travel).
Third Conditional: Past hypotheticals (e.g., If I had known, I would have acted differently).

Independent Clause: Can stand alone as a sentence (e.g., She sings).
Dependent Clause: Cannot stand alone and begins with a subordinating conjunction (e.g., because she loves music).

Nouns: Represent people, places, things, or ideas; examples include cat, city, and freedom.
Pronouns: Substitute for nouns to avoid repetition; examples are he, she, it, and they.
Verbs: Indicate actions or states of being; examples include run, is, and feel.
Adjectives: Describe characteristics of nouns; examples include blue, tall, and interesting.
Adverbs: Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, providing information on how, when, where, or to what extent; examples are quickly, very, and well.
Prepositions: Show relationships between nouns (or pronouns) and other words; examples include in, on, and at.
Conjunctions: Connect clauses, sentences, or words; common examples are and, but, and or.
Interjections: Express strong emotions or surprise; examples are wow, ouch, and hey.

Simple Sentence: Features one independent clause (e.g., She runs).
Compound Sentence: Combines two or more independent clauses using a conjunction (e.g., She runs, and he swims).
Complex Sentence: Contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause (e.g., Although she was tired, she ran).
Compound-Complex Sentence: Includes multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause (e.g., She runs, and he swims because it is fun).

Present Simple: Used for regular actions or truths (e.g., I eat).
Past Simple: Indicates completed actions in the past (e.g., I ate).
Future Simple: Describes actions expected to occur (e.g., I will eat).
Present Continuous: Highlights actions currently in progress (e.g., I am eating).
Past Continuous: Reflects ongoing actions that took place in the past (e.g., I was eating).
Present Perfect: Denotes actions that occurred at some point before now (e.g., I have eaten).
Past Perfect: Indicates actions completed before another past action (e.g., I had eaten).

Subjects and verbs must match in number (singular or plural); examples:
- Singular: The dog barks.
- Plural: The dogs bark.

Period (.): Ends declarative sentences.
Comma (,): Signals a pause or separates items in lists.
Question Mark (?): Indicates the end of a question.
Exclamation Mark (!): Conveys strong emotion.
Quotation Marks (" "): Enclose direct speech or quotations.
Apostrophe (’): Shows possession or forms contractions (e.g., the dog’s leash, can’t).

Run-on Sentences: Multiple independent clauses joined without proper punctuation.
Fragments: Incomplete sentences missing a subject or verb.
Misplaced Modifiers: Phrases that are incorrectly positioned in a sentence (e.g., "She almost drove her kids to school every day" vs. "She drove her kids to school almost every day").
Subject-Verb Disagreement: Occurs when subjects and verbs do not agree in number.

Active Voice: The subject performs the action (e.g., The cat chased the mouse).
Passive Voice: The subject receives the action (e.g., The mouse was chased by the cat).

Zero Conditional: States general truths (e.g., If you heat water, it boils).
First Conditional: Describes possible future events (e.g., If it rains, I will stay home).
Second Conditional: Explores hypothetical situations (e.g., If I had a million dollars, I would travel).
Third Conditional: Discusses past hypotheticals (e.g., If I had known, I would have acted differently).

Independent Clause: Can function as a standalone sentence (e.g., She sings).
Dependent Clause: Cannot function independently and starts with a subordinating conjunction (e.g., because she loves music).

Their, There, They’re: Distinguish between possessive, location, and contraction forms.
Your, You’re: Differentiate between possessive and contraction forms.
Its, It’s: Understand the usage of possessive versus contraction forms.