Parts of Speech and Sentence Structure

Parts of Speech

• Nouns: Names of people, places, things, or ideas (e.g., dog, city, love).
• Pronouns: Words that replace nouns (e.g., he, she, it, they).
• Verbs: Action or state of being words (e.g., run, is, seem).
• Adjectives: Descriptive words that modify nouns (e.g., blue, tall, interesting).
• Adverbs: Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, often ending in -ly (e.g., quickly, very).
• Prepositions: Show relationships between nouns/pronouns and other words (e.g., in, on, at).
• Conjunctions: Connect words, phrases, or clauses (e.g., and, but, or).
• Interjections: Express emotions or exclamations (e.g., wow, ouch).

Sentence Structure

• Simple Sentence: Contains one independent clause (e.g., She runs.).
• Compound Sentence: Contains two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction (e.g., She runs, and he jumps.).
• Complex Sentence: Contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause (e.g., Although it’s raining, she runs.).
• Compound-Complex Sentence: Contains at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses (e.g., Although it’s raining, she runs, and he jumps.).

Tense and Aspect

• Present Tense: Describes current actions or states (e.g., She eats.).
• Past Tense: Describes actions or states that have already happened (e.g., She ate.).
• Future Tense: Describes actions or states that will happen (e.g., She will eat.).
• Perfect Aspect: Indicates completed actions (e.g., has eaten, had eaten, will have eaten).
• Progressive Aspect: Indicates ongoing actions (e.g., is eating, was eating, will be eating).

Punctuation Rules

• Periods: End declarative sentences.
• Commas: Separate items in a list, clauses, or adjectives; set off non-essential information.
• Semicolons: Connect closely related independent clauses or separate complex items in a list.
• Colons: Introduce a list, quote, or explanation.
• Quotation Marks: Enclose direct speech or quotations.
• Apostrophes: Indicate possession or form contractions.
• Exclamation Marks: Convey strong emotion or emphasis.

Subject-Verb Agreement

• Basic Rule: Subjects and verbs must agree in number (singular/plural).
  • Singular subject takes a singular verb (e.g., The cat runs.).
  • Plural subject takes a plural verb (e.g., The cats run.).
• Indefinite Pronouns: Some (e.g., everyone, someone) are treated as singular; others (e.g., few, many) are plural.
• Compound Subjects: Joined by "and" typically take a plural verb (e.g., The dog and cat are playing).
• Collective Nouns: May take singular or plural verbs depending on whether the group acts as a single unit or individual members (e.g., The team wins vs. The team are arguing).

Parts of Speech

• Nouns: Represent people, places, things, or concepts (examples: dog, city, love).
• Pronouns: Substitute for nouns to avoid repetition (examples: he, she, it, they).
• Verbs: Indicate actions or states of being (examples: run, is, seem).
• Adjectives: Describe or modify nouns (examples: blue, tall, interesting).
• Adverbs: Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, often with -ly endings (examples: quickly, very).
• Prepositions: Show relationships between nouns/pronouns and other words (examples: in, on, at).
• Conjunctions: Link words, phrases, or clauses (examples: and, but, or).
• Interjections: Express sudden emotions or reactions (examples: wow, ouch).

Sentence Structure

• Simple Sentence: Contains a single independent clause (example: She runs).
• Compound Sentence: Contains two or more independent clauses connected by conjunctions (example: She runs, and he jumps).
• Complex Sentence: Includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause (example: Although it’s raining, she runs).
• Compound-Complex Sentence: Comprises at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses (example: Although it’s raining, she runs, and he jumps).

Tense and Aspect

• Present Tense: Indicates current actions or states (example: She eats).
• Past Tense: Describes completed actions or states (example: She ate).
• Future Tense: Refers to actions or states that will occur (example: She will eat).
• Perfect Aspect: Highlights completed actions (examples: has eaten, had eaten, will have eaten).
• Progressive Aspect: Indicates ongoing actions (examples: is eating, was eating, will be eating).

Punctuation Rules

• Periods: Used to conclude declarative sentences.
• Commas: Separate items in lists, clauses, or adjectives; mark non-essential information.
• Semicolons: Connect closely related independent clauses or separate complex list items.
• Colons: Introduce lists, quotes, or explanations.
• Quotation Marks: Enclose direct quotes or spoken words.
• Apostrophes: Show possession or form contractions.
• Exclamation Marks: Denote strong emotions or emphasis in writing.

Subject-Verb Agreement

• Basic Rule: Subjects must agree in number with their verbs (singular or plural).
• Singular subjects require singular verbs (example: The cat runs).
• Plural subjects necessitate plural verbs (example: The cats run).
• Indefinite Pronouns: Some, such as everyone or someone, are considered singular; others, like few or many, are plural.
• Compound Subjects: Joined by "and" typically take a plural verb (example: The dog and cat are playing).
• Collective Nouns: Can take either singular or plural verbs based on whether the group acts as a unit or individuals (example: The team wins vs. The team are arguing).