Parts of Speech and Sentence Structure

Nouns: Names of people, places, things, or ideas (e.g., cat, city, love).
Pronouns: Replacements for nouns (e.g., he, she, it, they).
Verbs: Action or state of being words (e.g., run, is, seem).
Adjectives: Words that describe nouns (e.g., blue, quick, tall).
Adverbs: Words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g., quickly, very, well).
Prepositions: Words that show relationships between nouns/pronouns and other words (e.g., in, on, at).
Conjunctions: Words that join clauses or sentences (e.g., and, but, or).
Interjections: Words that express emotions (e.g., oh, wow, ouch).

Simple Sentence: Contains one independent clause (e.g., She runs).
Compound Sentence: Contains two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction (e.g., She runs, and he walks).
Complex Sentence: Contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause (e.g., Although she runs, he walks).
Compound-Complex Sentence: Contains at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses (e.g., She runs, and he walks because he enjoys it).

Present Simple: Describes habitual actions (e.g., She walks).
Past Simple: Describes actions completed in the past (e.g., She walked).
Future Simple: Describes actions that will happen (e.g., She will walk).
Present Continuous: Describes ongoing actions (e.g., She is walking).
Past Continuous: Describes actions that were ongoing in the past (e.g., She was walking).
Present Perfect: Describes actions that occurred at an unspecified time (e.g., She has walked).
Past Perfect: Describes actions that were completed before another past action (e.g., She had walked).

The subject and verb must agree in number:
- Singular subjects take singular verbs (e.g., The dog barks).
- Plural subjects take plural verbs (e.g., The dogs bark).

Run-on Sentences: Incorrectly connects independent clauses without proper punctuation.
Fragments: Incomplete sentences lacking a main clause.
Misplaced Modifiers: Descriptive phrases placed too far from the nouns they modify.
Subject-Verb Disagreement: Fails to match the subject with the correct verb form.

Active Voice: The subject performs the action (e.g., The chef cooked the meal).
Passive Voice: The subject receives the action (e.g., The meal was cooked by the chef).

Their/There/They’re: Possessive pronoun / location / contraction for "they are."
Your/You’re: Possessive pronoun / contraction for "you are."
Its/It’s: Possessive pronoun / contraction for "it is."

Independent Clause: Can stand alone as a sentence (e.g., She likes ice cream).
Dependent Clause: Cannot stand alone and provides additional information (e.g., because she loves dessert).
Phrase: A group of words without a subject-verb component (e.g., running late, in the park).

Nouns represent people, places, things, or ideas (e.g., cat, city, love).
Pronouns serve as substitutes for nouns (e.g., he, she, it, they).
Verbs indicate actions or states of being (e.g., run, is, seem).
Adjectives modify nouns by providing descriptive details (e.g., blue, quick, tall).
Adverbs enhance verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g., quickly, very, well).
Prepositions establish relationships between nouns/pronouns and other words (e.g., in, on, at).
Conjunctions link clauses or sentences together (e.g., and, but, or).
Interjections express emotions or exclamations (e.g., oh, wow, ouch).

A simple sentence comprises one independent clause (e.g., She runs).
A compound sentence includes two or more independent clauses connected by conjunctions (e.g., She runs, and he walks).
A complex sentence features one independent clause and at least one dependent clause (e.g., Although she runs, he walks).
A compound-complex sentence combines multiple independent clauses with one or more dependent clauses (e.g., She runs, and he walks because he enjoys it).

Present simple describes habitual actions (e.g., She walks).
Past simple refers to actions completed in the past (e.g., She walked).
Future simple indicates actions that will happen (e.g., She will walk).
Present continuous describes ongoing actions (e.g., She is walking).
Past continuous reflects actions that were ongoing in the past (e.g., She was walking).
Present perfect pertains to actions that occurred at an unspecified time in the past (e.g., She has walked).
Past perfect relates to actions completed before another past action (e.g., She had walked).

Run-on sentences incorrectly link independent clauses without sufficient punctuation.
Fragments are incomplete sentences missing a main clause.
Misplaced modifiers occur when descriptive phrases are distanced from the nouns they modify.
Subject-verb disagreement results from failing to align the subject with the appropriate verb form.

In active voice, the subject carries out the action (e.g., The chef cooked the meal).
In passive voice, the subject experiences the action (e.g., The meal was cooked by the chef).

Their: possessive pronoun; There: indicates location; They’re: contraction of "they are."
Your: possessive pronoun; You’re: contraction of "you are."
Its: possessive pronoun; It’s: contraction of "it is."

An independent clause can function as a standalone sentence (e.g., She likes ice cream).
A dependent clause cannot stand alone and gives additional context (e.g., because she loves dessert).
A phrase consists of a group of words lacking a subject-verb pair (e.g., running late, in the park).