Parts of Speech and Sentence Structure

Nouns: Words that name persons, places, things, or ideas. Examples: dog, city, happiness, justice.
Pronouns: Words that take the place of nouns. Examples: he, she, it, they, we, you, I, me, him, her, them, us
Verbs: Words that show action or state of being. Examples: run, sing, is, are, was, were, be
Adjectives: Words that describe nouns or pronouns. Examples: tall, red, happy, intelligent
Adverbs: Words that describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Examples: quickly, softly, very, slowly, almost, happily
Prepositions: Words that show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence. Examples: at, on, in, by, to, from, with, about, under
Conjunctions: Words that connect words, phrases, or clauses. Examples: and, but, or, nor, so, yet, because
Interjections: Words that express strong emotion. Examples: Wow!, Ouch!, Hey!

Subject-Verb Agreement: The subject and verb of a sentence must agree in number (singular or plural).
Simple Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause. Example: The cat sat on the mat.
Compound Sentence: A sentence with two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction or a semicolon. Example: The cat sat on the mat, and the dog barked.
Complex Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. Example: Because the cat sat on the mat, the dog barked.
Compound-Complex Sentence: A sentence with two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. Example: The cat sat on the mat, and the dog barked because it saw the cat.

Present Tense: Describes action happening now, habitual action, or general truth. Examples: I walk, he works, the sun rises.
Past Tense: Describes action that happened in the past. Examples: I walked, he worked, the sun rose.
Future Tense: Describes action that will happen in the future. Examples: I will walk, he will work, the sun will rise.
Perfect Tense: Shows that an action is completed in relation to another time.
Present Perfect: An action that began in the past and continues to the present, or that was finished sometime in the recent past. Examples: I have walked, he has worked, the sun has risen.
Past Perfect: An action that was completed before another action in the past. Examples: I had walked, he had worked, the sun had risen.
Future Perfect: An action that will be completed before another action in the future. Examples: I will have walked, he will have worked, the sun will have risen.

Subject: The person, place, thing, or idea that the sentence is about.
Predicate: Everything in the sentence that tells something about the subject.
Direct Object: The noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb.
Indirect Object: The noun or pronoun that tells to whom or for whom the action of the verb is done. Examples: I gave (to whom?) Mary (indirect object) a book (direct object).

Clause: A group of words with a subject and a verb.
Phrase: A group of related words that does not contain both a subject and a verb.
Modifiers: Words or phrases that describe or limit other words in the sentence.
Active Voice: The subject performs the action of the verb. Examples: Mary ate the pizza. The cat chased the mouse.
Passive Voice: The subject receives the action of the verb. Examples: The pizza was eaten by Mary. The mouse was chased by the cat.
Concord: Agreement in grammar.
Case: The form of a noun or pronoun that shows its grammatical function in a sentence.
Agreement: Consistency between words in a sentence.
Fragments: A group of words that is not a complete sentence.
Run-on Sentences: Two or more sentences incorrectly joined together.

Periods: Used to end declarative sentences.
Commas: Used to separate items in a list, to set off introductory phrases, and to separate independent clauses in compound sentences.
Semicolons: Used to join closely related independent clauses.
Colons: Used to introduce a list, an explanation, or a quotation.
Quotation Marks: Used to enclose direct quotations.
Apostrophes: Used to show possession or to form contractions.