Parts of Speech and Sentence Structure

Nouns: Names of people, places, things, or ideas (e.g., cat, city, happiness).
Pronouns: Words that replace nouns (e.g., he, she, it).
Verbs: Action or state of being words (e.g., run, is).
Adjectives: Words that describe nouns (e.g., blue, tall).
Adverbs: Words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g., quickly, very).
Prepositions: Words that show the relationship between nouns/pronouns and other words (e.g., in, on, at).
Conjunctions: Words that connect clauses or sentences (e.g., and, but, or).
Interjections: Words that express emotion (e.g., wow, ouch).

Simple Sentence: Contains a subject and a verb (e.g., The cat sleeps).
Compound Sentence: Contains two independent clauses joined by a conjunction (e.g., I like tea, and she likes coffee).
Complex Sentence: Contains an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses (e.g., Although it was raining, we went for a walk).
Compound-Complex Sentence: Contains multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause (e.g., I wanted to go for a walk, but it was raining).

Present Simple: Describes habitual actions (e.g., I eat).
Present Continuous: Describes ongoing actions (e.g., I am eating).
Past Simple: Describes completed actions in the past (e.g., I ate).
Past Continuous: Describes ongoing actions in the past (e.g., I was eating).
Future Simple: Describes actions that will happen (e.g., I will eat).
Present Perfect: Describes actions that occurred at an unspecified time (e.g., I have eaten).
Past Perfect: Describes an action completed before another past action (e.g., I had eaten before he arrived).

A subject must agree with its verb in number (singular/plural).
- Singular subjects take singular verbs (e.g., She runs).
- Plural subjects take plural verbs (e.g., They run).

Run-on Sentences: Two or more independent clauses improperly connected.
Fragment Sentences: Incomplete sentences lacking a subject or verb.
Misplaced Modifiers: Words or phrases that are incorrectly separated from the word they modify.
Subject-Verb Disagreement: Errors where the subject and verb do not match in number.

Active Voice: The subject performs the action (e.g., The dog chased the cat).
Passive Voice: The subject receives the action (e.g., The cat was chased by the dog).

Independent Clause: Can stand alone as a sentence (e.g., She sings).
Dependent Clause: Cannot stand alone and begins with subordinating conjunctions (e.g., because, although) (e.g., Because she is talented).

Direct Speech: Quoting the exact words spoken (e.g., She said, "I am happy").
Indirect Speech: Paraphrasing what someone said (e.g., She said that she was happy).

Nouns identify people, places, things, or concepts (e.g., cat, city, happiness).
Pronouns are words that replace nouns to avoid repetition (e.g., he, she, it).
Verbs denote actions or states of being (e.g., run, is).
Adjectives provide descriptive details about nouns (e.g., blue, tall).
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, often indicating manner or degree (e.g., quickly, very).
Prepositions illustrate relationships between nouns/pronouns and other words (e.g., in, on, at).
Conjunctions connect clauses or sentences, facilitating complex ideas (e.g., and, but, or).
Interjections express emotions or exclamations (e.g., wow, ouch).

Simple sentences consist of a single subject and verb (e.g., The cat sleeps).
Compound sentences comprise two independent clauses joined by a conjunction (e.g., I like tea, and she likes coffee).
Complex sentences include one independent clause along with one or more dependent clauses (e.g., Although it was raining, we went for a walk).
Compound-complex sentences have multiple independent clauses alongside at least one dependent clause (e.g., I wanted to go for a walk, but it was raining).

Present Simple denotes habitual actions (e.g., I eat).
Present Continuous indicates ongoing actions (e.g., I am eating).
Past Simple refers to completed actions in the past (e.g., I ate).
Past Continuous describes ongoing actions that occurred in the past (e.g., I was eating).
Future Simple expresses actions that will take place (e.g., I will eat).
Present Perfect indicates actions that occurred at an unspecified time (e.g., I have eaten).
Past Perfect describes an action completed before another past action (e.g., I had eaten before he arrived).

Subject and verb must agree in number—singular subjects correspond with singular verbs.
Singular subject example: She runs.
Plural subject example: They run.

Run-on sentences improperly connect two or more independent clauses.
Fragment sentences lack necessary subject or verb components, resulting in incompleteness.
Misplaced modifiers occur when modifiers are incorrectly distanced from the words they describe.
Subject-verb disagreement highlights mismatched numbers between subjects and verbs.

Active Voice emphasizes the subject performing the action (e.g., The dog chased the cat).
Passive Voice shifts focus to the subject receiving the action (e.g., The cat was chased by the dog).

Independent Clauses can function as complete sentences (e.g., She sings).
Dependent Clauses cannot stand alone and begin with subordinating conjunctions (e.g., Because she is talented).

Direct Speech involves quoting someone's exact words (e.g., She said, "I am happy").
Indirect Speech paraphrases what someone has communicated (e.g., She said that she was happy).