Parts of Speech and Sentence Structure

Noun: Name of a person, place, thing, or idea (e.g., cat, London, love).
Pronoun: Replaces a noun (e.g., he, she, it, they).
Verb: Expresses action or state of being (e.g., run, is).
Adjective: Describes a noun (e.g., blue, tall).
Adverb: Modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb (e.g., quickly, very).
Preposition: Shows relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and other words (e.g., in, on, at).
Conjunction: Connects words or groups of words (e.g., and, but, or).
Interjection: Expresses emotion (e.g., wow, ouch).

Simple Sentence: Contains one independent clause (e.g., She runs).
Compound Sentence: Contains two independent clauses joined by a conjunction (e.g., She runs, and he swims).
Complex Sentence: Contains an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses (e.g., Although she runs, he swims).
Compound-Complex Sentence: Contains at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses (e.g., Although she runs, he swims, and they bike).

Present Simple: Indicates habitual actions (e.g., She reads).
Present Continuous: Indicates ongoing actions (e.g., She is reading).
Past Simple: Indicates completed actions (e.g., She read).
Past Continuous: Indicates actions that were ongoing in the past (e.g., She was reading).
Future Simple: Indicates actions that will happen (e.g., She will read).
Present Perfect: Indicates actions that occurred at an unspecified time (e.g., She has read).

Active Voice: The subject performs the action (e.g., The chef cooks the meal).
Passive Voice: The action is performed on the subject (e.g., The meal is cooked by the chef).

Run-on Sentences: Two or more independent clauses improperly joined.
Sentence Fragments: Incomplete sentences lacking a subject or verb.
Misplaced Modifiers: Words or phrases that are not placed correctly in relation to the word they modify.

Independent Clause: Can stand alone as a sentence (e.g., I like tea).
Dependent Clause: Cannot stand alone and begins with a subordinating conjunction (e.g., Because I like tea).

Noun: Identifies a person, place, thing, or concept (examples: cat, London, love).
Pronoun: Substitutes for a noun to avoid repetition (examples: he, she, it, they).
Verb: Denotes action or a state of being; can be either transitive or intransitive (examples: run, is).
Adjective: Provides descriptive details about a noun; can indicate quality, quantity, or characteristics (examples: blue, tall).
Adverb: Modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, often clarifying manner, time, or degree (examples: quickly, very).
Preposition: Expresses relationships between nouns (or pronouns) and other words; crucial for understanding directional or temporal relationships (examples: in, on, at).
Conjunction: Joins words, phrases, or clauses, maintaining flow in sentences (examples: and, but, or).
Interjection: Conveys strong emotions or sudden exclamations, typically standalone (examples: wow, ouch).

Simple Sentence: Contains a single independent clause expressing a complete thought (example: She runs).
Compound Sentence: Combines two independent clauses using conjunctions; enhances complexity (example: She runs, and he swims).
Complex Sentence: Comprises one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses, facilitating deeper insight (example: Although she runs, he swims).
Compound-Complex Sentence: Integrates at least two independent clauses and one dependent clause, allowing for extensive ideas (example: Although she runs, he swims, and they bike).

Present Simple: Describes habitual actions or universal truths (example: She reads).
Present Continuous: Represents actions currently taking place (example: She is reading).
Past Simple: Indicates actions completed in the past (example: She read).
Past Continuous: Describes actions that were happening at a specific point in the past (example: She was reading).
Future Simple: Predicts actions that will occur (example: She will read).
Present Perfect: Highlights actions occurring at an unspecified time, emphasizing their relevance (example: She has read).

Essential for grammatical correctness; subjects and verbs must match in number (singular or plural).
Example of agreement: "She runs" (singular) vs. "They run" (plural).

Active Voice: The subject actively performs the action, creating direct and vigorous sentences (example: The chef cooks the meal).
Passive Voice: The subject receives the action, which can create more formal or varied sentence structures (example: The meal is cooked by the chef).

Period: Concludes declarative statements.
Comma: Indicates short pauses; used for listing or separating elements.
Semicolon: Connects two closely related independent clauses without a conjunction.
Colon: Introduces lists or explanations, signaling further detail.
Quotation Marks: Encloses dialogue or quoted material to denote someone else's speech.

Run-on Sentences: Occur when multiple independent clauses are improperly fused without correct punctuation.
Sentence Fragments: Incomplete thoughts lacking either a subject or a verb; disrupt clarity.
Misplaced Modifiers: Create confusion by improperly positioning descriptive words or phrases in relation to the nouns they modify.

Independent Clause: A complete thought that can function alone as a sentence (example: I like tea).
Dependent Clause: Cannot stand alone; initiates with a subordinating conjunction and adds context (example: Because I like tea).

Coordinating: Links equal grammatical structures with the acronym FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).
Subordinating: Connects dependent clauses to independent ones, indicating a relationship (examples: because, although, since, unless, while).

Definite Article: "The" signals a specific noun known to the reader.
Indefinite Articles: "A" or "an" refers generically to any member of a larger category.