Parts and Figures of Speech

Parts of Speech

• Parts of speech categorize words by their function in a sentence.
• Nouns name persons, places, things, or ideas; examples include "dog" and "school".
• Pronouns replace nouns; examples include "he", "she", and "they".
• Verbs express actions or states of being; examples include "run" and "is".
• Adjectives describe nouns; examples include "beautiful" and "tall".
• Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs; examples include "quickly" and "very".
• Prepositions show relationships between words; examples include "on", "in", and "under".
• Conjunctions connect words or clauses; examples include "and", "but", and "because".
• Interjections express strong emotions; examples include "Wow!" and "Oh!".

Figures of Speech

• Figures of speech are expressions meant to be interpreted non-literally.
• Similes compare two things using "like" or "as"; for example, "as brave as a lion".
• Metaphors directly compare two things without using "like" or "as"; for example, "Time is money".
• Personification gives human qualities to non-human things; for example, "The wind whispered".
• Hyperbole is exaggeration used for effect; for example, "I’ve told you a million times".
• Irony involves stating the opposite of what is meant; for example, "A traffic cop gets a speeding ticket".

Abbreviations

• Abbreviations are shortened forms of words or phrases.
• Acronyms are formed from initial letters and pronounced as a word, like NASA and PIN.
• Initialisms are formed from initials and pronounced separately, like FBI and ATM.
• Shortened words are shorter versions of longer words, like "Dr." for Doctor and "Info" for Information.

Subject-Verb Agreement

• Subjects and verbs must agree in number (singular/plural).
• A singular subject pairs with a singular verb; for example, "The boy runs fast."
• A plural subject pairs with a plural verb; for example, "The boys run fast."
• "I" and "You" always take plural verbs such as in "I am" and "You are".
• Indefinite pronouns like "everyone" and "somebody" are singular; for example, "Everybody is here".

Sentence Errors

• A fragment is an incomplete sentence; for example, "Because he was late."
• A run-on sentence incorrectly joins two independent clauses; for example, "I love music I play guitar."
• A comma splice joins two independent clauses with only a comma; for example, "She is happy, she sings."

Word Analogy

• Word analogy compares two pairs of words to show a relationship.
• Synonym analogies relate words with similar meanings, such as Happy: Joyful as Sad: Unhappy.
• Antonym analogies relate words with opposite meanings, such as Hot: Cold as Big: Small.
• Part-Whole analogies relate a part to its whole, such as Wheel: Car as Petal: Flower.
• Function analogies relate an object to its purpose, such as Pen: Write as Knife: Cut.