Partition Problems & Radcliffe Award

The Problems of Partition and Nascent Pakistan

• On August 14, 1947, Muhammad Ali Jinnah was sworn in as the Governor-General of Pakistan.
• Jinnah declared Pakistan as existing forever, but it faced problems, with Indian leaders expecting it to fail politically, economically, geographically, or militarily and territories would return.
• The challenge for Jinnah was to establish the new country and hold it together amidst problems at the time of partition.

Reactions to the Radcliffe Award

• Cyril Radcliffe's partition plan was made public on August 17, 1947, leading to numerous objections and millions displaced on the wrong side of borders.
• Jinnah denounced the Radcliffe Award as unjust due to:
  • Ferozpur and Gurdaspor (both with Muslim majorities) being given to India, the latter providing India a border with Kashmir.
  • Calcutta, went to India, depriving East Bengal of its major industrial, commercial, and educational center.
• Sikhs were disappointed as their desire for a separate Sikh state went unheeded.
• Hindus resented the Chittagong Hill Tracts, with a Hindu majority, were awarded to Pakistan due to economic ties with East Bengal.

Geographical Problems

• Pakistan faced serious problems due to a lack of natural borders and being split into two parts almost a thousand miles apart.

East Pakistan

• Comprised most of Bengal and the district of Sylhet.

West Pakistan

• Comprised west Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, and the North West Frontier Province, with princely states joining later.
• The two wings were separated by Indian territory and had different regional outlooks despite being largely Muslim.

Political Problems

• Unlike India, Pakistan did not inherit government buildings, furnishings, or experienced officials.
• Pakistan's Constituent Assembly members were mostly wealthy landowners with limited political experience and lacked urban support.
• Geographical distance hindered governance and over half its population lived in East Pakistan while most leaders came from West Pakistan.
• Pakistan lacked administrative and governmental machinery, requiring the Quaid-e-Azam to establish a capital, government, and officials.
• Jinnah had tuberculosis, and was resolved to ensure the nation survived with his leadership skills.

Economic Problems

• Pakistan consisted of mostly underdeveloped states with little industry; Around 90% of the population lived in the countryside, and there were only 8 towns exceeding 100,000 people.
• Pakistan's agriculture did not produce enough surplus for industrialization, except for East Pakistan's jute production, which faced the issue of all jute mills being in India.

Social Problems

• Pakistan consisted of five different regions with different traditions, cultures, and languages; some regions were unsure about transferring allegiance.
• Urdu was not spoken by everyone while Pakistan was not united and required convincing to join the new state.
• Pakistan was viewed as unique country, separated by 1000 miles, differing in all matters except religion and the struggle for independence.

Accession of Princely States

• Lord Mountbatten gave the 462 princely states the option to choose between India and Pakistan.
• Northern states, Dir, Swat, Chitral, Amb, and Hunza, joined Pakistan in 1947, along with Gilgit and Kalat.
• Bahawalpur also joined Pakistan, while Sylhet voted to join Pakistan via referendum.

Hyderabad

• The largest princely state wanted dominion status but was denied; it had a non-Muslim majority but a Muslim ruler.
• The Indian government pressured Hyderabad to join India and, after complaints to the UN, incorporated it into India.

Junagadh

• Junagadh was a small coastal state with a non-Muslim population and a Muslim prince who acceded to Pakistan.
• India sent troops, imposed a blockade, and protested to the UN about it being an illegal occupation.

The Kashmir Issue

• The was the serious disagreement between India and Pakistan and had strategic importance due to boundaries with multiple countries.
• Most of the population in 1947 was Muslim, but the ruler was Hindu; he delayed joining either country.
• Hari Singh drove many Muslims out, leading to a rebellion; he sought Indian help, which was granted after he acceded to India.
• Pakistan sent troops to aid Kashmiri Muslims, leading to UN intervention of the matter.
• Kashmir was divided with pressure the Indian leadership agreed to a referendum to determine to the people on the situation.

Division of Financial and Military Assets

• Assets were divided in a 17:5 ratio between India and Pakistan.
• Pakistan was to be paid 750 million rupees but India only paid 200 million rupees due to the Kashmir conflict, but Gandhi persuaded them to pay a further 500 million rupees.
• Military equipment was split 36%:44% between Pakistan and India.
• Despite having 150,000 men, Pakistan's army lacked officers and India did not hand over ordinance factories.

The Canal Water Dispute

• Originated from Punjab's partition, Pakistan is fertile but in a hot and dry climate, relying on irrigation from the Indus, Jhelum and Chenab rivers.
• The flow of water in Pakistan through canals/rivers was controlled by headworks mostly in India, India was asked to agree to allow river water to flow into the west.

Refugees and the Accommodation Crisis

• The increase of violence between Muslim and Hindu communities increased during the India partition.
• Announced boundary increased suffering and communal increased attacks, Muslims moving into Pakistan and Hindus to India.
• A religious line was made easing tensions between Muslim/minority communities, it made matters worse.
• An estimate of 10 million migrants moved out of India or the reverse 1948 onwards.
• People fled and took processions by any means to a country with nothing and violence orchestrated by the officials.
• A death toll estimate that men, women, and children died by rigged deaths led to 20 million more homeless citizens.
• Pakistan facilities weren't to house the citizens by a lack of resources.

Time Under Khwaja

• Succeeded three days after Quaid's death.
• Quickly realized it required the government of administrative support.

Government Pakistan Act Version

• 1947 after Pakistan has given out government activities under control.
• Lacked organized prime minister to assist in.

Resolution for Commission Principles

• Principles were used that the new structure was for democracy.
• Could follow Islamic rulings but religious members would be free.

New Act Officer For Free Laws

• Act showed Pakistan needed the democracy of Quaid's visions.
• Quaid problem was a gravity needed for assistance.

1948 Invaded Set Nation United

• Aftermath of Quaid.

New Army Chief of Pakistan

• Since part British officers that had positions were replaced.
• Distruth, the army government had a new plan and army was arrested.

New Government Council of Pakistan

• Planning of commissions under the new government, was the first finance help.

1950's Difficult For Muslim Peoples

• Affected foods with draught.
• The Korean war increased and supplies weren't needed

Election Matters

• Was withdrawn, second elections had more suggestions.

Social and Economic Conditions In Pakistan

• Power positions wanted to keep Governor-General power.

After The Power Structure Made

• To increase Governor general rules on structure.
• Set with a constitution, the constant decisions with disagreement.

The Law to Pakistan Was Important As the

• Government needed to stand to the rule without political rule.
• Declared it did with the constitution and government dissolved assemblies.

The New Land Act of Disagreements After The Years

• Was appointed with Pakistan.

Lawful and Impartial Civil

• With political and civil help, military action still happened.

Under The Elections

• National action has occurred with the Pakistan population.

Power of Pakistan

• A quiet man joined a new government to give power.

Amendment of National Power

• With rights reserved.

The Side Effects, Not All Positively Impactful

• After elections a lot happened with those who had it.

Pakistan at the Peak

• With power of military and power to fight all opposition.

What Was Yahya Supposed To Do?

• With One Unit, was supposed to bring a well elected unity to the land.

New Actions To Be Said, With More Events and Land

• Was a threat by people at high places that wanted what's rightfully theirs.

A New Army General Was Put In Place

What Problems Benazir Had To Face

• With a first speech in land it showed she was a powerful being but was difficult to give in.

What Made Benazir's Speech Difficult

• Wanted support.

Economic Crisis of the National Level

• Problems were put with all sides.

Pakistan At Large And Success

• Government wasn't what It was suppose too be.

Benazir, a Power Woman

• Wanted to take America the lead to have strength.

Backlash of Pakistan

• New economy to Pakistan citizens.