Particle Size in Pharmaceutical Formulations

<p>It enables more consistent and uniform mixing of different powders. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may result in different final colors in the formulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It generally worsens the flow characteristics of the powder. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small size and good powder flow. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As surface area increases, the drying rate increases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stress is removed as soon as the particles are ground. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Material moves continuously in and out of the grinding chamber. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regions of segregation exist. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The smaller particles can cushion larger particles, which reduces the effectiveness of size reduction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the mixture achieves a sufficiently random arrangement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The material is ground for a fixed time, then recovered. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Many materials have poor flow characteristics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides a more representative sample. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The material containing a significant amount of moisture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To accurately extract a sample from the powder. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The minimum sample size needed to verify sufficient mixing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Undertake a wet grinding or wet milling process. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Between 5 and 20%. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Approximately 100 milligrams. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That it contains the correct ratio of components overall. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine the amount of active ingredient present. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The larger sample size does not accurately reflect the smaller tablet size due to differences in potential segregation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The analysis of smaller powder amounts isn't relevant for larger tablet sizes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is no variation in drug concentration among the samples. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The statistical variation in composition across samples. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mean of all sample measurements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine when a sufficient level of randomness is achieved. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To measure the degree of mix homogeneity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of samples taken. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The variance of samples from the unmixed material. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complete segregation of the materials. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.75 to 1.0 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$S_R$ divided by $S_{ACT}$. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases until it levels out at the minimum point. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It signifies a completely random mixture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$M_2$ gives better discrimination for practical mixtures and approaches unity for completely random mixtures whereas $M_1$ does not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing the particle size for better handling during manufacturing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plastic deformation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compressive stress. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Particles are crushed individually without significant contact with other particles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mechanical Mixing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The amount of solid particles in a specific location is approximately the same compared to other locations when several samples have been taken. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A sample that is too large may mask non-uniform mixing at a smaller scale. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using a variance plot, which shows the change in the variance of sample measurements as mixing progresses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It compares the degree of mixing with theoretical limits and provides a numeric value of the mixed state. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The density of the materials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shear mixing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diffusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The particles tend to separate from each other due to their characteristics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solutions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mixing always comes after milling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The size of individual particles within a material, often measured as diameter.

The range of particle sizes present in a material, from the smallest to the largest.

The ability of a powdered material to flow smoothly and evenly. Poor flow can lead to problems in manufacturing.

Reducing the size of particles in a material through milling or grinding.

The process of removing moisture from a material, often through heat or evaporation.

A formulation where solid particles are dispersed in a liquid, often a suspension of medicine in water.

The process of combining different powders to create a uniform mixture.

Preparations that contain colored components, often pigments or dyes.

The process of reducing the particle size of a solid material.

A process that combines multiple ingredients, materials, or components to create a uniform mixture.

A series of steps in pharmaceutical manufacturing that involve reducing the particle size of materials, blending them, and creating a uniform product.

The reduction of particle size in solid materials to achieve desired properties for various pharmaceutical applications.

The process of reducing particle size by applying external forces to a solid material.

The force exerted on a material that tends to cause it to deform or break.

A type of stress applied perpendicular to the surface of a material, causing it to compact or shrink.

A type of stress applied parallel to the surface of a material, causing it to stretch or elongate.

A type of stress applied parallel to the surface of a material, causing it to slide or shear along the surface.

A type of milling where the material is crushed in its free state, without being confined.

A type of milling where the material is crushed while being confined, increasing the pressure and effectiveness of the crushing process.

A type of grinding where the material is processed in a dry state, without the presence of any liquid.

A type of grinding where the material is processed in the presence of a liquid, often water or alcohol.

The process of combining different ingredients to produce a uniform mixture, ensuring that all components are evenly distributed.

A type of mixing where ingredients are combined to improve their homogeneity and uniformity throughout the mixture.

A type of mixing that aims to separate components based on their properties, often used for specific applications.

Smaller particles produced during packed crushing can attach to larger particles, hindering further size reduction.

Materials with poor flow characteristics (often due to cohesive forces or moisture) may be difficult to grind effectively in a dry state.

Wet Grinding overcomes some flow issues in dry grinding by making the particles easier to move and prevent sticking.

A process in which material is dried before being ground to address problems caused by moisture content.

The smallest amount of material that needs to be analyzed to determine if a mixture is adequately mixed. It's based on the minimum size needed to see if the mixture is evenly distributed.

Taking a portion of the mixed powder to analyze its composition and determine if it's well mixed.

The ideal way to sample a powder is while it's moving, ensuring a more representative sample is obtained.

A specialized tool used to collect samples from static powders, ensuring a representative sample is obtained.

The process of measuring the amount of a specific ingredient in a mixture.

Statistical tools help determine how many samples to take from a mixture to ensure accurate results.

The size of the sample taken from a mixture depends on the scale of scrutiny needed to determine if the mixture is sufficiently mixed.

A tablet's compression weight is the total weight of the tablet after it's compressed. It's used to calculate the amounts of different ingredients in the tablet.

A mixture is considered sufficiently mixed when the composition is consistent across all samples taken from that mix, indicating a random distribution of components.

The degree of mixing refers to the level of homogeneity in a mixture, indicating how well components are dispersed.

Variance is a measure of the spread or variability of data points around the mean. In mixing, it quantifies how much the composition of different samples deviates from the average.

A variance of zero means there's no variation in the composition of samples taken from the mix, indicating a perfectly uniform mixture.

A sample measurement is the value obtained from analyzing a single sample taken from the mixture. It could be the concentration of a drug, for example.

The mean of sample measurements, denoted by x bar, represents the average composition of the mixture based on the analyzed samples.

The number of samples taken from the mixture, denoted by n, is important for calculating the variance and determining the degree of mixing.

A measure of how well a mixture is mixed, ranging from 0 (complete segregation) to 1 (completely random mixture).

Calculated as So2 minus SACT2 divided by So2 minus SR2, where So2 is the variance of the unmixed material, SACT2 is the variance of the mixed sample, and SR2 is the variance of a completely random mix.

A simplified version of the Lacey Mixing Index, calculated as SR divided by SACT, where SACT is the standard deviation of the mixed sample and SR is the standard deviation of a fully random mix.

The variance (or standard deviation) of samples from the mixture decreases as the mixing process progresses, eventually reaching a minimum value (SR), which represents a fully random mixture. This decrease in variance reflects the increasing homogeneity of the mixture.

The Lacey Mixing Index (M1 or M2) approaches zero for an unmixed material (at the start of the mixing process) and approaches one as the mixture becomes more random.

A visual representation of the Lacey Mixing Index versus time during the mixing process. Typically, the index increases rapidly at the beginning and then levels off as the mixture approaches a random state.

A spectroscopy measurement technique used to determine the degree of mixing in a material.

The minimum point where the variance of samples taken from the mix reaches a plateau, signifying a fully random mixture.