Particle Physics: Gell-Mann and Feynman

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Questions and Answers

Feynman's work greatly advanced our understanding of quantum __________.

electrodynamics

Feynman diagrams represent the movements of particles like electrons and __________.

photons

Feynman introduced the concept of __________ while thinking about the implications of smaller components in physics.

nanotechnology

The investigation of the Challenger space shuttle disaster involved demonstrating physics with common materials, such as a glass of __________.

water Signup and view all the answers

Feynman's contributions made QED one of the more successful theories in __________.

physics Signup and view all the answers

Murray Gell-Mann proposed a model to classify different types of subatomic particles into fermions and ______.

bosons Signup and view all the answers

Gell-Mann introduced hypothetical fundamental units called ______ to help build his model.

quarks Signup and view all the answers

Gell-Mann won the Nobel Prize in Physics in ______.

1969 Signup and view all the answers

Feynman diagrams are used to depict complex ideas in ______.

physics Signup and view all the answers

Gell-Mann's model of particle classification became known as the ______.

Standard Model Signup and view all the answers

Yang Chen-Ning won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his research into subatomic ______.

decay Signup and view all the answers

In 1954, Yang Chen-Ning proposed the Yang-______ theory on elementary particles.

Mills Signup and view all the answers

Yang questioned the law of conservation of ______, which stated directions in particle interactions are indistinguishable.

parity Signup and view all the answers

Yang Chen-Ning challenged the law of conservation of parity along with his partner ______-Dao Lee.

Tsung Signup and view all the answers

Yang became the director of the theoretical physics research center at Stony ______ University in 1965.

Brook Signup and view all the answers

Richard Feynman was an exceptional physicist known for his work in ______ theory.

quantum Signup and view all the answers

Feynman was appointed junior physicist in the ______ Project in 1943.

Manhattan Signup and view all the answers

In 2006, Yamanaka reprogrammed mature cells into stem cells by introducing 24 specific __________.

genes Signup and view all the answers

Yamanaka's work earned him the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in __________.

2012 Signup and view all the answers

In 1950, Feynman became professor of theoretical physics at the California Institute of ______.

Technology Signup and view all the answers

Stem cells are crucial for tissue __________ and regeneration.

repair Signup and view all the answers

Feynman received the Albert Einstein Award in ______ for his contributions to physics.

1954 Signup and view all the answers

His lectures were published as the ______ Lectures on Physics in 1964.

Feynman Signup and view all the answers

Adult stem cells are more __________ than embryonic stem cells but may be more flexible in differentiation.

specialized Signup and view all the answers

Each mouse spleen nodule contained approximately __________ bone marrow cells.

10,000 Signup and view all the answers

Feynman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in ______ for his work on quantum electrodynamics.

1965 Signup and view all the answers

Feynman completed his PhD in ______ mechanics in 1942.

quantum Signup and view all the answers

During the Manhattan Project, Feynman conducted secret bomb research at Los Alamos National ______.

Laboratory Signup and view all the answers

Benoît Mandelbrot is known for founding ______ geometry.

fractal Signup and view all the answers

Mandelbrot started analyzing noise ______ in 1958.

pollution Signup and view all the answers

The ______ set is a graphic representation of a fractal created by plotting complex numbers.

Mandelbrot Signup and view all the answers

Mandelbrot's work has been applied in fields like medicine, engineering, and ______.

cosmology Signup and view all the answers

In 1993, Mandelbrot received the Wolf Prize for ______.

Physics Signup and view all the answers

Ernest McCulloch focused on blood formation, both normal and __________.

malignant Signup and view all the answers

In 1957, McCulloch became the Head of __________ at the Ontario Cancer Institute.

Hematology Signup and view all the answers

McCulloch collaborated with James Till on __________ cell research.

stem Signup and view all the answers

In 1963, McCulloch published pivotal findings of stem cell research in the journal __________.

Nature Signup and view all the answers

Ernest McCulloch was inducted into the Canadian Science and Engineering Hall of __________ in 2010.

Fame Signup and view all the answers

Henry Stommel published a key paper on the westward intensification of wind-driven ocean currents in ______.

1948 Signup and view all the answers

Stommel established the PANULIRUS research station in Bermuda for ______ sampling.

seawater Signup and view all the answers

In 1958, Stommel published his book, The ______ Stream, detailing a decade-long study.

Gulf Signup and view all the answers

Stommel's analysis elegantly explained the position and strength of the powerful ______.

Gulf Stream Signup and view all the answers

Stommel conceptualized the 'Great Ocean ______ Belt,' a global circulation pattern in the ocean.

Conveyor Signup and view all the answers

He became a professor of oceanography at ______ in 1959.

Harvard Signup and view all the answers

Stommel's work included theories about global ocean circulations from 1944 to ______.

1989 Signup and view all the answers

In 1989, Stommel was awarded the National Medal of ______ for his contributions to oceanography.

Science Signup and view all the answers

In 1961, James Till published a seminal paper on the radiation sensitivity of mouse bone marrow ______.

cells Signup and view all the answers

James Till became a Fellow of the Royal Society of ______ in 1969.

Canada Signup and view all the answers

Alongside Ernest McCulloch, Till discovered that most bones contain unspecialized cells called adult ______ cells.

stem Signup and view all the answers

James Till was awarded the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical ______ in 2005.

Research Signup and view all the answers

After graduating in physics, James Till pursued a Ph.D. in ______ from Yale University in 1957.

biophysics Signup and view all the answers

McCulloch and Till discovered the unique potential of a crucial type of cell known as a ______.

stem cell Signup and view all the answers

The unexpected discovery of unusual nodules on mice spleens was made by McCulloch on a ______ morning.

Sunday Signup and view all the answers

Till and McCulloch confirmed that each nodule arose from a single cell, effectively creating a ______ of cells.

clone Signup and view all the answers

The clones identified by McCulloch and Till were referred to as ______-forming units.

colony Signup and view all the answers

The groundbreaking discovery established the ability of bone marrow cells to be transplanted and grow into various ______ cells.

blood Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Murray Gell-Mann

Murray Gell-Mann, a theoretical physicist, made significant contributions to particle physics.
He classified subatomic particles into fermions (building blocks of matter) and bosons (force carriers).
He introduced the concept of "quarks", a type of fermion that combines to form hadrons (protons & neutrons).
His model of particle classification later became the "Standard Model" and he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1969.
Gell-Mann developed a system to accurately describe particle interactions to 15 decimal places.

Richard Feynman

Feynman was a physicist who advanced our understanding of quantum electrodynamics (QED).
He simplified complex equations using visual diagrams called Feynman diagrams.
The diagrams represent the movements of particles in time and space, even backwards.
Feynman's work led to a clearer understanding of QED and calculations of probabilities of particle events.
His contributions to QED made it one of the most successful theories in physics.
He made contributions to other areas of physics like nanotechnology, superfluidity and quantum computing.
He also investigated the Challenger space shuttle disaster.

Yang Chen-Ning

Yang Chen-Ning, a Chinese-born theoretical physicist, made a revolutionary discovery in subatomic decay.
He received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work.
He proposed the Yang-Mills theory on elementary particles with Robert Mills.
He challenged the law of conservation of parity, proposing it’s invalid for certain weak interactions.
His work was proven correct by an experiment led by Chien-Shiung Wu.

Stem Cell Research & Development

Yamanaka reprogrammed mature cells into stem cells in 2006.
This process reversed adult skin cells to an immature stem-cell state, demonstrating their "pluripotent" nature.
Yamanaka's work earned him the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012.
Early research on bone marrow and stem cells by Till, McCulloch, and Becker highlighted the existence of specialized cells within bone marrow responsible for self-replication and differentiation into various cell types.
Stem cells are crucial for tissue repair and regeneration.
Adult stem cells are more specialized than embryonic stem cells but may be more flexible in differentiation.

Benoît Mandelbrot

Benoît Mandelbrot, a Polish-born French mathematician, founded fractal geometry.
He developed a method to identify patterns in seemingly random or chaotic data.
This method analyzes repeating patterns found in nature, like coastlines or tree bark.
He visualized data in a new way which is now applied in various fields like medicine, engineering, and cosmology.
His work contributed to understanding financial markets, predicting earthquakes and diagnosing diseases.
The Mandelbrot set is a graphic representation of a fractal.

Ernest McCulloch

Ernest McCulloch was a Canadian hematologist who dreamt of curing leukemia.
His research with James Till on stem cells transformed cancer research and regenerative medicine.
He became Head of Hematology at the Ontario Cancer Institute in 1957.
His work on stem cell research, alongside James Till and Andrew Becker, was published in the journal Nature in 1963.
He was inducted into the Canadian Science and Engineering Hall of Fame alongside James Till.

Henry Stommel

Henry Stommel was an oceanographer who significantly advanced the understanding of ocean currents, particularly the Gulf Stream.
He published a key paper on the westward intensification of wind-driven ocean currents in 1948.
He established the PANULIRUS research station in Bermuda to collect oceanographic data in 1954.
He published his book The Gulf Stream, providing a decade-long study of the current in 1958.
He developed theories about global ocean circulations, encompassing temperature and salinity variations.
He played a crucial role in leading two global oceanographic studies.
His pioneering work conceptualized the "Great Ocean Conveyor Belt," a global circulation pattern in the ocean driven by temperature and salinity variations.

McCulloch and Till's Breakthroughs in Bone Marrow Research

McCulloch and Till's research in 1961 uncovered stem cells with the unique potential to differentiate into various specialized cells and self-renew.
They observed unusual nodules on mice spleens after bone marrow transplants.
They determined that each nodule originated from a single cell, creating a clone of cells.
These clones, "colony-forming units," were surprisingly diverse, comprising all three main blood cell types.

James Till

James Till was a physicist who focused on cancer research using radiation treatments.
He made the groundbreaking discovery of stem cells with Ernest McCulloch.
He declined an assistant professorship at Yale University in 1957.
He became a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1969.
He was awarded the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research with McCulloch in 2005.
With Ernest McCulloch, Till discovered adult stem cells in bone marrow capable of developing into any blood cell.

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Description

This quiz explores the groundbreaking work of theoretical physicists Murray Gell-Mann and Richard Feynman in particle physics and quantum electrodynamics. Assess your understanding of quarks, the Standard Model, and Feynman diagrams, which transformed our grasp of particle interactions and behavior. Delve into the key concepts and contributions that shaped modern physics.