Part X: Culture and Mental Health
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What is the main focus of psychopathology?

  • The social impacts of mental illness
  • Understanding psychological disorders and their treatment (correct)
  • The relationship between culture and mental health
  • The study of medication effects on mental health

    • How do psychologists differentiate psychological disorders from normal experiences?

  • By assessing the frequency of behaviors and feelings
  • By comparing them to abnormal physical illnesses
  • By considering cultural norms and expectations
  • By evaluating the severity and persistence of the symptoms (correct)

    • What is the significance of a standardized diagnostic classification system?

  • It decentralizes treatment approaches for mental health
  • It allows for personal opinions to be incorporated in diagnoses
  • It creates a common language for mental health professionals (correct)
  • It identifies cultural influences on psychological disorders

    • Which example most clearly indicates the presence of a psychological disorder?

    <p>A person washing their hands 40 times a day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common barrier to receiving mental health treatment globally?

    <p>Cultural stigma surrounding mental health issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it challenging for mental health professionals to agree on what constitutes a psychological disorder?

    <p>Behavioral standards vary across cultures and contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'abnormal' refer to in the context of psychological disorders?

    <p>Beliefs and behaviors that indicate potential psychopathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way psychologists work to define what constitutes a psychological disorder?

    <p>By observing consensus on abnormal thoughts and behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason someone is considered deviant?

    <p>Their failure to adhere to social norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has the perception of homosexuality changed in the United States over the past few decades?

    <p>It is now generally accepted rather than seen as a mental disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'dangerousness' refer to in the context of abnormal behavior?

    <p>Behavior that poses a threat to the safety of the individual or others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what context is crying typically considered acceptable for males in the U.S.?

    <p>During moments of tragedy or loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about individuals with mental disorders?

    <p>All individuals with mental disorders are dangerous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following behaviors would be categorized as deviant in many societies?

    <p>Failing to follow prescribed social norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suicide defined as?

    <p>The act of intentionally causing one’s own death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the commonly referred 3 D's of abnormal behavior?

    <p>Demandingness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recognized risk factor for suicide?

    <p>Overeating disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might cognitive genius be considered deviant behavior?

    <p>It is statistically rare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characterized by overwhelming and hard to control anxiety?

    <p>Anxiety disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with anxiety?

    <p>Muscle tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may increase the risk of future suicide attempts for individuals?

    <p>Previously attempting suicide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anxiety can be defined as a negative mood state that includes which symptom?

    <p>A sense of unease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anxiety-related diagnosis is characterized by fear in social situations?

    <p>Social anxiety disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does anxiety typically differ for individuals with anxiety disorders compared to those without?

    <p>They experience symptoms with greater intensity and duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated lifetime prevalence rate for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in the general American population?

    <p>16.6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of life is the average onset age for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) typically observed?

    <p>Mid-20s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gender is reported to experience higher rates of MDD?

    <p>Women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic group has the highest reported prevalence rates of MDD?

    <p>Native Americans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and the prevalence of MDD?

    <p>Lower SES is associated with higher prevalence of MDD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among which population is the course of MDD typically more severe and less frequently treated?

    <p>African Americans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group shows a lower prevalence of MDD?

    <p>Older adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the symptom presentation of MDD vary according to cultural contexts?

    <p>It varies across different cultures studied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major depressive episode (MDE) characterized by?

    <p>A combination of symptoms causing distress for at least two weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a core symptom of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

    <p>Increased social interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many symptoms are required to diagnose a major depressive episode according to the DSM-5?

    <p>Five symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum duration for symptoms to qualify as a major depressive episode?

    <p>Two weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is associated with recurrent thoughts of death in MDD?

    <p>Diminished interest in life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can lead to confusion with symptoms of MDD?

    <p>Hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What demographic is affected by perinatal depression?

    <p>About 5% of all mothers after childbirth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is accurate?

    <p>It is often mistaken for normal grief</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>Major disturbances in thought and perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of life is schizophrenia typically first diagnosed?

    <p>In early adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the negative effects of schizophrenia on an individual's life?

    <p>Social and occupational impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a psychotic disorder within the spectrum of schizophrenia?

    <p>Major depressive disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the estimated cost of schizophrenia in the United States in 2002?

    <p>$62.7 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms might indicate a person is experiencing a psychotic episode?

    <p>Talking to themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychotic disorder is characterized by delusions but not mood disturbances?

    <p>Delusional disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a common behavior of someone with schizophrenia during a psychotic episode?

    <p>Acting paranoid or telling bizarre stories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Part X: Culture and Mental Health

    • A gunman killed 12 people at the Washington Navy Yard in Washington, DC on September 16, 2013.
    • Aaron Alexis, the gunman, had a history of troubled behavior, including believing he was controlled by radio waves and being under surveillance.
    • Alexis also exhibited signs of mental illness.
    • Mental illness is not necessarily a cause of violence; individuals with mental illness are more likely to be victims than perpetrators.
    • Early intervention and access to needed help could have prevented the tragedy.

    Learning Objectives

    • The chapter will define mental illness.
    • It will differentiate symptoms from diagnosable disorders.
    • It will identify the two primary methods for classifying mental illnesses globally.
    • It will examine the historical evolution of mental illness classifications.
    • It will define "culture-specific" or "culture-bound" disorders.
    • It will provide examples of culture-bound syndromes.
    • It will explain the concept of universal mental illnesses.
    • It will outline the most common categories of mental illnesses globally.
    • It will compare and contrast the symptoms of mental illnesses.
    • It will identify and discuss common barriers to receiving mental health treatment in the United States and worldwide.

    What is Mental Illness?

    • A psychological disorder is characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
    • Psychopathology is the study of psychological disorders, including their causes and treatment.
    • The criteria for determining abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors should be agreed upon by mental health professionals.
    • Abnormal behavior refers to beliefs and behaviors that suggest a psychological disorder.
    • Behaviors like excessive hand-washing or hearing voices are examples of abnormal behavior, but everyday feelings like nervousness or homesickness aren't necessarily abnormal.

    Making a Diagnosis (The 3 D's)

    • Psychological disorders are defined as a psychological dysfunction that causes distress or impairment in functioning.
    • Dysfunction involves disturbances in cognition, emotion, or behavior.
    • Distress refers to the suffering or pain experienced by the person.
    • Deviance relates to the violation of cultural norms or expectations.

    History of Mental Illness

    • References to mental illness have been found throughout history, but the understanding of mental illness and diagnosis has changed over time.
    • Previously, mental illness was often attributed to supernatural causes but later theories focus on physiology and later on psychological factors.

    Culture-Bound Disorders

    • Culture-bound syndromes are combinations of psychiatric and somatic symptoms that are recognized as illnesses only within a specific culture.
    • They are not related to physical, biochemical, or structural alterations.
    • The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) includes a list of common culture-bound conditions.
    • Common characteristics of culture-bound disorders include being recognized as disorders in that particular culture, being widespread in that culture, and the lack of familiarity and understanding of the condition by people in other cultures.
    • Some syndromes focus on somatic symptoms, while others are primarily behavioral.

    Universal Disorders

    • Universal disorders are mental illnesses that occur across various cultures and circumstances.
    • Examples include Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and psychosis.
    • Mental illnesses often overlap between cultures, with shared symptoms and environmental triggers.

    Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

    • MDD is characterized by a constellation of depressive symptoms, including depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, and several other symptoms that persist for at least two weeks.
    • Cultural experiences can affect the presentation and treatment of MDD.
    • MDD rates vary across cultures yet are relatively consistent across the globe, and people experiencing MDD frequently need treatment.

    Anxiety Disorders

    • Anxiety, in its various forms is a normal part of life and at normal levels supports daily functioning.
    • Common types of anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and phobias.
    • Individuals with anxiety disorders experience symptoms like worry, tension, and physiological changes that are disproportionate and interfere with daily life.
    • Anxiety disorders are often comorbid, meaning they frequently occur with other mental disorders such as depression.
    • Cultural factors can influence the manifestation and experience of anxiety symptoms.

    Eating Disorders

    • Eating disorders are characterized by severe disturbances in eating behavior. These disorders can result in being normal weight or underweight, and are often linked to body image issues.
    • Examples include Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa.
    • There is a significant association between eating disorders and cultural values, particularly in Western cultures, which idealize thinness in women.

    Psychosis

    • Psychosis is characterized by a breakdown in the perception, emotional regulation, and thought processes of individuals.
    • Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and unusual motor behavior are common in psychosis.
    • Schizophrenia is one form of psychosis which leads to impairments in daily life.
    • Schizophrenia is highly variable with a wide presentation of symptoms across diverse cultures.
    • The symptoms of schizophrenia often coincide during the transition from adolescence and adulthood which may cause further challenges.
    • There is a perceived association of violence with psychosis but frequently other underlying issues like substance abuse co-occur.

    Barriers to Treatment

    • Mental disorders are widespread and costly.
    • Many individuals experiencing mental illness do not receive treatment, due to various social and systemic factors, including cost, stigma, and cultural barriers.
    • Mental health treatment is frequently not accessible and culturally insensitive around the globe leading to poorer outcomes for individuals.

    Reducing Stigma around Mental Illness

    • Negative attitudes and beliefs about mental illness can impede treatment outcomes, as sufferers may be wary or resistant to seeking help.
    • Understanding cultural factors involved in mental health is critical in reducing stigma and promoting treatment.
    • Awareness and education campaigns aimed at addressing negative stereotypes surrounding mental illness and helping to reduce related stigma are critical.

    Chapter Review

    • Psychological disorders are characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
    • Disorders are often the result from a combination of dysfunctional interactions between genetics, environment, culture and psychological context.
    • The biopsychosocial model is a holistic view of mental illness, incorporating biological, psychological and sociocultural factors.

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    Culture and Mental Health PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the relationship between culture and mental health, highlighting key concepts and definitions. Students will learn about diagnosing mental illnesses, including culture-bound syndromes and their historical classifications. Understanding these topics is essential for recognizing the influence of cultural contexts on mental health treatment.

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