Podcast
Questions and Answers
Match the following terms related to Canadian Parliamentary government with their corresponding definitions:
Match the following terms related to Canadian Parliamentary government with their corresponding definitions:
Electoral district = A territorially based constituency represented by an MP Opposition MPs = Members of Parliament who do not belong to the governing party Conventions = Unwritten rules of political behavior enforced by public opinion Responsible government = A system where the executive branch is accountable to the legislative branch
Match the following terms related to Canadian political ideologies with their respective descriptions:
Match the following terms related to Canadian political ideologies with their respective descriptions:
Social Democracy = Emphasizes the state's role in intervening in society and economy, regulating industrial sectors, redistributing wealth, and promoting public ownership. Welfare State Liberalism = Advocates for the government providing social welfare programs to citizens. Business Liberalism (Neoliberalism) = Prioritizes limited government intervention and individual autonomy in the economy. Neo-conservatism = Generally holds socially conservative views.
Match the following terms related to the Canadian political system with their respective definitions:
Match the following terms related to the Canadian political system with their respective definitions:
Prorogation = The postponement of Parliament without dissolving it, ending the legislative agenda for the year. Motion of Non-Confidence = A vote in Parliament that can lead to the fall of a government if it is defeated. Coalition Government = A formal agreement between two or more political parties to share power in government. Reserve Powers of the Governor General = The Governor General's constitutional authority to act independently of the government, such as dissolving Parliament or appointing a new Prime Minister.
Match the following terms related to Quebec's political history with their respective descriptions:
Match the following terms related to Quebec's political history with their respective descriptions:
Match the following terms related to Canadian federalism with their respective descriptions:
Match the following terms related to Canadian federalism with their respective descriptions:
Match the following terms related to Indigenous history and rights in Canada with their respective descriptions:
Match the following terms related to Indigenous history and rights in Canada with their respective descriptions:
Match the following political parties in Canada with their respective ideologies:
Match the following political parties in Canada with their respective ideologies:
Match the following terms related to Quebec nationalism with their respective definitions:
Match the following terms related to Quebec nationalism with their respective definitions:
Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions related to responsible government in Canada.
Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions related to responsible government in Canada.
Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions related to the Governor General's role in Canada's political system.
Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions related to the Governor General's role in Canada's political system.
Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions related to political parties and their role in Canadian politics.
Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions related to political parties and their role in Canadian politics.
Match the following terms with their corresponding functions within Canada's political system.
Match the following terms with their corresponding functions within Canada's political system.
Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions related to cabinet formation and selection in Canada.
Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions related to cabinet formation and selection in Canada.
Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions related to the differences between majority and minority governments in Canada.
Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions related to the differences between majority and minority governments in Canada.
Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions related to the role of political parties in shaping Canadian democracy.
Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions related to the role of political parties in shaping Canadian democracy.
Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions related to the concept of representation in Canadian politics.
Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions related to the concept of representation in Canadian politics.
Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions related to the role of the Governor General in Canada's political system.
Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions related to the role of the Governor General in Canada's political system.
Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions related to the operation of the Canadian cabinet.
Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions related to the operation of the Canadian cabinet.
Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions related to the key components of Canada's constitutional framework.
Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions related to the key components of Canada's constitutional framework.
Match the following concepts with their corresponding descriptions related to the process of forming a government in Canada.
Match the following concepts with their corresponding descriptions related to the process of forming a government in Canada.
Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions related to the duties and responsibilities of members of the House of Commons.
Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions related to the duties and responsibilities of members of the House of Commons.
Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions related to the key principles of responsible government.
Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions related to the key principles of responsible government.
Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions related to the structure of Canada's political system.
Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions related to the structure of Canada's political system.
Match the following concepts of Canadian governance with their definitions:
Match the following concepts of Canadian governance with their definitions:
Match the following components of the Prime Minister's role with their functions:
Match the following components of the Prime Minister's role with their functions:
Match the following aspects of the Senate's function with their descriptions:
Match the following aspects of the Senate's function with their descriptions:
Match the following sections of the Canadian Constitution with their roles:
Match the following sections of the Canadian Constitution with their roles:
Match the following reasons for federalism in Canada with their explanations:
Match the following reasons for federalism in Canada with their explanations:
Match the following aspects of the Prime Minister's power with their sources:
Match the following aspects of the Prime Minister's power with their sources:
Match the following powers of the Prime Minister with their descriptions:
Match the following powers of the Prime Minister with their descriptions:
Match the following statements about federalism with their characteristics:
Match the following statements about federalism with their characteristics:
Match the following components of Canadian political structure with their characteristics:
Match the following components of Canadian political structure with their characteristics:
Match the following elements of responsible government with their implications:
Match the following elements of responsible government with their implications:
Match the following terms related to Canadian Parliament with their meanings:
Match the following terms related to Canadian Parliament with their meanings:
Match the following sections of the Canadian Constitution with their corresponding descriptions:
Match the following sections of the Canadian Constitution with their corresponding descriptions:
Match the type of federalism with the respective time period:
Match the type of federalism with the respective time period:
Match the following terms related to taxation with their appropriate level of jurisdiction:
Match the following terms related to taxation with their appropriate level of jurisdiction:
Match the powers with their definitions:
Match the powers with their definitions:
Match the concepts of federalism with their descriptions:
Match the concepts of federalism with their descriptions:
Match the following statements about federal government roles:
Match the following statements about federal government roles:
Match the following key terms with their corresponding explanations:
Match the following key terms with their corresponding explanations:
Match the terms regarding powers and jurisdiction with their descriptions:
Match the terms regarding powers and jurisdiction with their descriptions:
Match the concepts relating to the evolution of federalism in Canada:
Match the concepts relating to the evolution of federalism in Canada:
Match the actions associated with federalism in Canada:
Match the actions associated with federalism in Canada:
Match the types of federalism with the government approach:
Match the types of federalism with the government approach:
Match the statements about Canadian federalism with their correct description:
Match the statements about Canadian federalism with their correct description:
Match the key components related to the Constitution with their definitions:
Match the key components related to the Constitution with their definitions:
Match the following elements of the Canadian Charter of Rights with their corresponding types of rights:
Match the following elements of the Canadian Charter of Rights with their corresponding types of rights:
Match the following roles of the judiciary with their descriptions:
Match the following roles of the judiciary with their descriptions:
Match the following sections of the Charter with their explanations:
Match the following sections of the Charter with their explanations:
Match the following terms related to Canadian federalism with their descriptions:
Match the following terms related to Canadian federalism with their descriptions:
Match the following historical documents with their significance:
Match the following historical documents with their significance:
Match the following rights with their corresponding clauses or sections in the Charter:
Match the following rights with their corresponding clauses or sections in the Charter:
Match the following Oakes test criteria with their descriptions:
Match the following Oakes test criteria with their descriptions:
Match the following causes of regionalism with their implications:
Match the following causes of regionalism with their implications:
Match the following judicial roles with their contexts:
Match the following judicial roles with their contexts:
Match the following aspects of the Charter with their definitions:
Match the following aspects of the Charter with their definitions:
Match the following principles of judicial roles with their descriptions:
Match the following principles of judicial roles with their descriptions:
Match the following terms to their definitions related to the Charter's limitations:
Match the following terms to their definitions related to the Charter's limitations:
Match the following terms related to Indigenous rights with their impacts:
Match the following terms related to Indigenous rights with their impacts:
Match the following definitions to their respective clauses in the Charter:
Match the following definitions to their respective clauses in the Charter:
Match the following examples of regionalism with their characteristics:
Match the following examples of regionalism with their characteristics:
Flashcards
Exclusive control over criminal law
Exclusive control over criminal law
Federal government has sole authority to legislate on criminal matters.
Residual Power
Residual Power
Authority of the federal government over areas not assigned to provinces.
Section 92
Section 92
Outlines provincial powers including local matters, hospitals, and charities.
Concurrent Jurisdiction
Concurrent Jurisdiction
Both federal and provincial governments can legislate in certain areas like immigration.
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Disallowance power
Disallowance power
Federal government can block provincial legislation it disapproves of.
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Reservation power
Reservation power
Lieutenant governors can hold provincial bills for federal review.
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Federal Spending Power
Federal Spending Power
Federal government's ability to spend money with conditions, influencing provincial policies.
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Conditional Grants
Conditional Grants
Funding from federal government that comes with stipulations for use by provinces.
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Unconditional Grants
Unconditional Grants
Block funding that allows provinces freedom in spending while meeting national standards.
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Centralization vs Decentralization
Centralization vs Decentralization
The shift from a strong federal union to a more distributed power structure among provinces.
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Quasi-federalism (1867-96)
Quasi-federalism (1867-96)
Period when national government had more power than provinces.
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Cooperative Federalism (1960-95)
Cooperative Federalism (1960-95)
Increased collaboration between federal and provincial levels to address service demands.
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Fiscal Federalism
Fiscal Federalism
The approach to managing the financial relationship between federal and provincial governments.
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Constitutionalism
Constitutionalism
Principle that the constitution governs society, limiting government power.
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Legislative Power
Legislative Power
The authority to create laws and set public policies.
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Indian Act, 1876
Indian Act, 1876
Canadian law meant to regulate Indigenous people and lands, undermining their identity and culture.
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Quebec's population significance
Quebec's population significance
About 25% of Canada's population, rooted as a founding group.
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Politics of Identity
Politics of Identity
Debate over cultural recognition and rights related to diverse populations in Canada.
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Multiculturalism
Multiculturalism
Official recognition of diverse cultures, promoting heritage retention over assimilation.
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Liberalism in Canada
Liberalism in Canada
Various ideologies promoting personal freedoms and government roles in society.
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Social Democracy
Social Democracy
Political ideology emphasizing equality and state intervention in the economy.
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Welfare State Liberalism
Welfare State Liberalism
Advocates for state-provided welfare programs to support citizens.
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Brokerage Party
Brokerage Party
Political party that appeals widely to various groups, avoiding ideological extremes.
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Prorogation
Prorogation
To temporarily suspend parliament, delaying legislative activities without dissolution.
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Coalition Government
Coalition Government
A formal agreement between multiple political parties to share cabinet roles.
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Quiet Revolution
Quiet Revolution
1960s movement in Quebec that focused on secularism and French identity awakening.
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Night of the Long Knives
Night of the Long Knives
1982 incident where Trudeau negotiated changes without Quebec's support.
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Clarity Act (2000)
Clarity Act (2000)
Legislation to determine if a referendum on Quebec's separation is clear before negotiations.
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Meech Lake Accord
Meech Lake Accord
1987 proposal recognizing Quebec as a distinct society but failed to gain full support.
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Charlottetown Accord
Charlottetown Accord
Attempt in 1992 to gain support for the constitution, addressing diverse issues including Indigenous self-government.
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Collective Responsibility
Collective Responsibility
Ministers act as a team, sharing responsibility for all decisions.
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Confidence of the House
Confidence of the House
Ministers must have the majority support of the House of Commons.
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Responsible Government
Responsible Government
A government accountable to elected representatives, ensuring democracy.
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Governor General
Governor General
The representative of the monarch in Canada, performing ceremonial and constitutional duties.
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Majority Government
Majority Government
A government where a party controls over half the seats in the House of Commons.
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Minority Government
Minority Government
A government formed by a party controlling less than half of the House seats.
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Cabinet Functions
Cabinet Functions
Executive authority for major decisions, overseeing government operations.
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Legislative Functions
Legislative Functions
Responsibilities of the House, including lawmaking and holding government accountable.
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Confidence Vote
Confidence Vote
When government must resign or seek a new mandate after losing confidence.
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Cabinet Selection Norms
Cabinet Selection Norms
Guidelines ensuring diversity in cabinet appointments.
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Party Discipline
Party Discipline
Ensures party members support cabinet decisions for stability.
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Ombudsperson Role
Ombudsperson Role
MPs advocate for the constituents' concerns to the government.
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Executive Authority
Executive Authority
Power to make critical governmental decisions, like budget allocations.
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Reserve Power
Reserve Power
Power exercised by the Governor General in exceptional situations.
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Caucus
Caucus
Group of MPs from the same party supporting party decisions.
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Parliamentary Government
Parliamentary Government
A form of government where the executive derives its democratic legitimacy from, and is directly accountable to, the legislature (Parliament).
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Riding
Riding
A territorial electoral district represented by an elected Member of Parliament (MP).
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Government MPs
Government MPs
Members of Parliament who support the ruling party and form the government.
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Opposition MPs
Opposition MPs
Members of Parliament who do not support the ruling government and may challenge its decisions.
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Official Opposition
Official Opposition
The largest opposition party in Parliament, granted special privileges.
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Conventions
Conventions
Unwritten rules in political practice enforced by public opinion rather than law.
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Crown's Power
Crown's Power
The formal title to executive power held by the Crown, exercised on ministerial advice.
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Individual Ministerial Responsibility
Individual Ministerial Responsibility
A cabinet minister must resign for policy mistakes or defense failures.
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Prime Ministerial Control
Prime Ministerial Control
The PM has powers shaped by conventions, including advising on cabinet posts.
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Role of the PM Office (PMO)
Role of the PM Office (PMO)
Political staff monitoring situations and giving advice to the Prime Minister.
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Privy Council Office (PCO)
Privy Council Office (PCO)
Non-partisan civil servants ensuring public service implementation of government policies.
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Bicameralism
Bicameralism
Power shared by two separate chambers in governance, requiring mutual agreement.
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House of Commons (HOC)
House of Commons (HOC)
Elected chamber where the executive is selected, representing population equality.
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Senate
Senate
Chamber that reviews legislation and represents regional interests; not elected.
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The Role of Senators
The Role of Senators
Senators review bills but typically do not oppose the HOC majority.
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Federalism
Federalism
Division of power between central and regional governments, both equal.
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Prime Minister's Confidence
Prime Minister's Confidence
The PM's power is linked to the confidence of the House of Commons.
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Deputy Prime Minister
Deputy Prime Minister
Member of the cabinet acting as second in command to the Prime Minister.
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Consensus in Cabinet
Consensus in Cabinet
The PM must cultivate consensus among cabinet members in decision-making.
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Representation in Senate
Representation in Senate
Senate representation is based on regional equality, unlike HOC's population basis.
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Charter of Rights
Charter of Rights
A constitutional guarantee of individual rights preventing majority rule from violating minority rights in Canada.
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Parliamentary Supremacy
Parliamentary Supremacy
The principle that Parliament has ultimate power to decide laws and their interpretation.
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Constitutional Supremacy
Constitutional Supremacy
The Constitution is the highest law, overriding any conflicting laws or government actions.
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Judicial Independence
Judicial Independence
Judges' ability to make impartial decisions without interference from other branches of government.
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Fundamental Freedoms
Fundamental Freedoms
Rights to thought, expression, assembly, and association protected under the Charter.
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Democratic Rights
Democratic Rights
Rights granting every citizen the ability to vote and run for office.
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Legal Rights
Legal Rights
Rights ensuring life, liberty, security, and fair legal treatment.
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Notwithstanding Clause
Notwithstanding Clause
Section 33 allows government to override certain Charter rights temporarily for public interest.
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Reasonable Limits Clause
Reasonable Limits Clause
Section 1 stipulates that rights can only be limited in a justifiable way.
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Oakes Test
Oakes Test
A legal test to determine if a law limiting rights is justifiable under Section 1.
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Reference Case
Reference Case
A legal case highlighting constitutional issues, such as R vs Oakes on the presumption of innocence.
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Regionalism
Regionalism
Recognition of diverse cultural, economic, and political identities within Canada affecting governance.
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Royal Proclamation of 1763
Royal Proclamation of 1763
Document recognizing Indigenous land rights and the Crown's exclusive authority to purchase land.
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Indigenous Treaties
Indigenous Treaties
Legally binding agreements between Indigenous peoples and the Crown regarding land and rights.
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Parliamentary Government
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Representative Democracy: MPs are elected to represent specific electoral districts (ridings), based on population proportion. Government MPs support the government, while opposition MPs oppose it. The Official Opposition holds special speaking privileges and consultation rights.
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Conventions: Enforced by public opinion and political processes, not courts. Constitutional conventions are upheld by the public.
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Responsible Government: A system where executive power is fused with legislative, and the cabinet is accountable to the assembly. Introduced in Nova Scotia (1848) and solidified by Confederation (1867).
- Crown's Role: Symbolically exercises executive power, acting on the advice of ministers.
- Ministerial Appointments: Ministers are usually MPs, and can include senators/non-MPs with an eventual seat in the HOC.
- Collective Responsibility: Ministers act as a team, sharing responsibility for policy decisions.
- Confidence of the House: Ministers must have the support of the House. Loss of confidence necessitates resignation or election.
- Accountability: Executive actions must be justified to the House of Commons.
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Party Discipline: Increased with parliamentary government, ensuring cabinet support and legislation. Party affiliation is prioritised over individual representatives. This leads to predictable governments, however, voter representation might be diluted in favour of the party.
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Role of the Governor General: Represents the Head of State (King), making policy decisions and performing ceremonial duties. Acts on the advice of ministers (members of the elected House of Commons). Holds reserve powers.
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Executive/Cabinet vs. Legislative Functions: The House of Commons (Legislature) debates/passes laws and holds the government accountable while the Executive/cabinet exercises Crown authority and manages funds.
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Representation Theories: Cabinet selection might involve efforts to represent province, religion, gender, and identity.
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Majority vs. Minority Governments: Majority governments hold more seats, guaranteeing confidence whereas minority governments are less stable, needing the support of other parties to pass legislation. Both have merits.
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Cabinet Selection Norms: The Prime Minister advises the Governor General on cabinet appointments. Cabinet members should maintain the confidence of the House.
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Collective Ministerial Responsibility: Cabinet acts as a cohesive unit, defending all cabinet decisions. Cabinet discussions are kept confidential.
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Individual Ministerial Responsibility: Ministers must resign for personal errors or policy mishaps.
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Prime Ministerial Control: Supported by constitutional conventions, prime ministers have significant control especially related to cabinet appointments, parliament dissolution and election calls, etc. Their power relies on their hold of party support. The Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) provides political advice; the Privy Council Office (PCO) supports cabinet operations.
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Bicameralism/Senate: Two chambers (House of Commons and Senate) with different representation systems (population vs region). Senate offers "sober second thought", but typically defers to the House of Commons.
Federalism
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Federalism Definition: Division of powers between central and regional governments, neither subordinate to the other. Each level’s authority is derived from the Constitution.
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Rationale for Canadian Federalism: Concerns about provincial representation and autonomy discouraged a unitary system. Federalism created better accommodation compared to a unitary system.
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Division of Powers (Sections 91 & 92): Section 91 outlines federal government powers (trade, criminal law, taxation, residual powers) while Section 92 details provincial powers (local matters, property rights, direct taxation).
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Residual Powers: Anything not explicitly assigned to provinces falls under federal jurisdiction (“peace, order, and good government").
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Concurrent Jurisdiction: Some areas (e.g., immigration, agriculture) are shared between federal and provincial governments with federal law prevailing in cases of conflict.
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Disallowance and Reservation Powers: Federal disallowance suspends provincial law, while provincial reservation enables review by the federal government.
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Federal Spending Power: Significant influence over provincial decisions through financial transfers (conditional/unconditional).
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Centralization vs. Decentralization: Canada started as more centralized but has evolved toward decentralization because of health care becoming more important, resulting interpretations and public favour.
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Fiscal Federalism: Balancing federal spending and responsibilities with revenue collection.
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Executive Federalism: Managing financial transfers with policy objectives in mind. This model can be criticized for its secrecy and lack of public scrutiny.
Charter and Judiciary
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Constitutionalism: Constitution is supreme, limiting government actions.
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Charter of Rights and Freedoms: Entrenched rights in the constitution are aimed at protecting minorities from government action.
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Judicial Roles: Interpretation of the Constitution and rights, as well as applying them. Decision-making is protected from governmental interference.
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Judicial Independence: Protected by lifetime appointments, fixed salaries, and administrative independence.
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Liberal Rights in the Charter: Covers fundamental freedoms, democratic rights, legal rights, equality rights
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Notwithstanding Clause (Section 33): Allows governments to pass laws overriding charter rights, but temporary, limited in scope, and must be explicit.
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Reasonable Limits Clause (Section 1): Government actions subject to limitations, must be justified in a free and democratic society.
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Oakes Test: Evaluating the proportionality of the means to the law's objective in relation to pressing and substantial problems, with a focus on rationality, minimal impairment, and the balance of benefit to the problem versus the loss of rights.
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Reference Cases: Court decisions illustrating Charter interpretations, like R v. Oakes on the onus of drug possession proof.
Regionalism
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Dimensions of Regionalism: Regional differences stem from economics, identity, and political culture.
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Causes of Regionalism: Expansive geography, uneven population distribution, economic disparities, regional identities, and federalism
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Relationship to Federalism: Regional differences are a factor shaping the federal system and affecting the balance of power.
Plural Identities
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Identity Politics: Politics shaped by group identity.
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Royal Proclamation (1763): Crown recognized Indigenous land claims, ownership, and protection.
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Treaties and Indian Act: Formal agreements about Indigenous/Colonial land issues, with the Indian Act (1876) having significant influence on Indigenous peoples' lives while claiming the intention to protect lands.
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Quebec Regional Sentiment: Quebec's significant size and history shape strong regional identity concerns.
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The Quebec Question: Issues regarding a distinct cultural identity, language rights (French), and the question of separation.
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Visible Minorities and Immigration: Canada’s current demographics are increasingly diverse (1/4 are visible minorities), with the 1960s shift in immigration policies affecting this.
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Multiculturalism: Official recognition of diverse cultures (mosaic model), encouragement to retain identities rather than assimilation.
Competing Liberalisims
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Political Culture: The dominant beliefs and values influence the types of liberalisms that gain traction.
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Liberalism Types: Social democracy (state intervention, wealth redistribution), Welfare state liberalism (state welfare programs), Business liberalism (limited intervention), and neo-conservatism (socially conservative views).
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Major Federal Parties: NDP (left), Liberal (centre), Conservative (right).
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Brokerage vs. Ideological Parties: Brokerage parties try to attract a wide range of voters, while ideological parties adhere to a clear set of ideas.
Prorogation Crisis
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Prorogation: Temporarily halting Parliament's session.
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Motion of Non-Confidence: Formal expression that the government lacks confidence.
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Coalition Government: Sharing cabinet power among different political groups.
Quebec Nationalism
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Quebec Nationalism: Diverse perspectives regarding Quebec's role in Canada (federalist, nationalist, separatist).
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Quiet Revolution (1960s): Rise of secularism and emphasis on French identity, shifting Quebec's perspective about its position within Canada.
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“Night of the Long Knives”: PM Trudeau's unsuccessful attempt to amend the Constitution without Quebec support.
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Meech Lake Accord (1987-1990): Proposals to address distinct society and other issues in Quebec in exchange for a chance to amend the Constitution.
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Charlottetown Accord (1990): Further discussions and proposals to address concerns, ultimately failed.
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Clarity Act (2000): Establishing criteria for secession referendums.
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Asymmetrical Federalism: A flexible approach to federalism where QC might have special powers and/or exemptions from broader federal policy.
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