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Questions and Answers
A researcher aims to understand the long-term effects of a specific parenting style on children's academic achievements and social skills. Which research method would be the MOST suitable for this study?
A researcher aims to understand the long-term effects of a specific parenting style on children's academic achievements and social skills. Which research method would be the MOST suitable for this study?
- A cross-sectional survey collecting data from parents and children at a single time point.
- A longitudinal study tracking the same group of children and their parents over several years, collecting data on parenting practices and child development. (correct)
- An experimental study randomly assigning parents to different parenting intervention programs and measuring children's outcomes immediately after.
- An observational study focusing on parent-child interactions in a controlled laboratory setting for a short duration.
A parent is seeking advice on how to improve their child's behavior. Considering the benefits of parent education, which approach would MOST comprehensively address the issue?
A parent is seeking advice on how to improve their child's behavior. Considering the benefits of parent education, which approach would MOST comprehensively address the issue?
- Relying solely on personal experiences and intuition to guide parenting decisions.
- Enrolling in a parent education class, while also seeking advice from books, social media, and religious teachings. (correct)
- Focusing exclusively on religious teachings and traditions related to parenting.
- Implementing strict disciplinary measures based on testimonials from other parents facing similar challenges.
Parenting is described as a primary mechanism of socialization. What does this statement emphasize about the role of parents?
Parenting is described as a primary mechanism of socialization. What does this statement emphasize about the role of parents?
- Parents are the main enforcers of societal laws and regulations for their children.
- Parents play a key role in preparing children to meet the demands of their environment and thrive within their culture. (correct)
- Parents primarily focus on providing emotional support, while schools handle socialization.
- Parents are responsible for teaching children specific skills for the job market.
A parenting education program aims to reduce the risk of child abuse. Which of the following strategies would be MOST effective in achieving this goal, based on the benefits of parent education?
A parenting education program aims to reduce the risk of child abuse. Which of the following strategies would be MOST effective in achieving this goal, based on the benefits of parent education?
How does 'culture' MOST significantly influence parenting practices?
How does 'culture' MOST significantly influence parenting practices?
A child consistently seeks reassurance and intimacy in relationships, fearing rejection. According to attachment theory, which parenting style might have contributed to this attachment style?
A child consistently seeks reassurance and intimacy in relationships, fearing rejection. According to attachment theory, which parenting style might have contributed to this attachment style?
According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, which system involves interactions between different aspects of a child's microsystem?
According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, which system involves interactions between different aspects of a child's microsystem?
In the context of ethnically diverse families, what is the primary distinction between race and ethnicity?
In the context of ethnically diverse families, what is the primary distinction between race and ethnicity?
A family adheres to a collectivist culture that prioritizes the needs of the group over individual desires. Which parenting style is MOST likely to align with these cultural values?
A family adheres to a collectivist culture that prioritizes the needs of the group over individual desires. Which parenting style is MOST likely to align with these cultural values?
According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what is the result of successfully navigating a psychosocial crisis?
According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what is the result of successfully navigating a psychosocial crisis?
A child consistently avoids close relationships, valuing independence to an extreme degree. Which attachment style BEST describes this behavior?
A child consistently avoids close relationships, valuing independence to an extreme degree. Which attachment style BEST describes this behavior?
Which of the following scenarios BEST exemplifies the influence of the exosystem on a child's development, according to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory?
Which of the following scenarios BEST exemplifies the influence of the exosystem on a child's development, according to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory?
Which of the following is NOT a key criterion for evaluating the quality and usefulness of a theory?
Which of the following is NOT a key criterion for evaluating the quality and usefulness of a theory?
A parent consistently dismisses their child's emotions, rejects their requests for help, and minimizes their feelings. Which parenting style aligns with these behaviors?
A parent consistently dismisses their child's emotions, rejects their requests for help, and minimizes their feelings. Which parenting style aligns with these behaviors?
In the Strange Situation experiment, a child becomes extremely distressed when their caregiver leaves and is difficult to soothe upon their return, displaying anger and resistance. This behavior is indicative of which attachment style?
In the Strange Situation experiment, a child becomes extremely distressed when their caregiver leaves and is difficult to soothe upon their return, displaying anger and resistance. This behavior is indicative of which attachment style?
Which parenting style is MOST likely to result in children who exhibit high levels of self-reliance, social competence, and academic achievement?
Which parenting style is MOST likely to result in children who exhibit high levels of self-reliance, social competence, and academic achievement?
Parents with unresolved trauma who exhibit atypical behaviors such as rejection, ridicule, or fear-based tactics are MOST likely to have children with which type of attachment?
Parents with unresolved trauma who exhibit atypical behaviors such as rejection, ridicule, or fear-based tactics are MOST likely to have children with which type of attachment?
A child has learned to suppress their own needs and prioritize assisting their parent because the parent is unable to effectively care for them. This behavior is MOST indicative of which type of attachment?
A child has learned to suppress their own needs and prioritize assisting their parent because the parent is unable to effectively care for them. This behavior is MOST indicative of which type of attachment?
A child is in the phallic stage of Freudian psychology. According to Freudian psychology, what is the central focus of this stage?
A child is in the phallic stage of Freudian psychology. According to Freudian psychology, what is the central focus of this stage?
What is the most significant criticism of Diana Baumrind's parenting styles?
What is the most significant criticism of Diana Baumrind's parenting styles?
Flashcards
Parenting
Parenting
The primary way children learn the norms to meet environmental demands and seize opportunities.
Enculturation by Parents
Enculturation by Parents
Parents prepare children for the physical, economic, and psychological norms of their culture so they can thrive.
Longitudinal Studies
Longitudinal Studies
Studies that follow individuals over time.
Culture
Culture
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Parent Education Benefits
Parent Education Benefits
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Collectivism
Collectivism
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Individualism
Individualism
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Ceremonial Rites of Passage
Ceremonial Rites of Passage
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Race
Race
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Ethnicity
Ethnicity
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Qualities of a Good Theory
Qualities of a Good Theory
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Freudian Psychology
Freudian Psychology
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Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development
Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development
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Ecological Systems Theory
Ecological Systems Theory
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Microsystem
Microsystem
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Mesosystem
Mesosystem
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Exosystem
Exosystem
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Macrosystem
Macrosystem
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Chronosystem
Chronosystem
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Secure Attachment
Secure Attachment
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Study Notes
- Parenting is a primary mechanism of socialization
- Parenting involves training and preparing children to meet environmental demands and seize opportunities
- The continuing task of parents/caregivers is to enculturate children to prepare for socially accepted physical, economic, and psychological situations to survive and thrive within their culture
- Parenting can be studied using longitudinal studies, experimental designs, observational studies, and surveys/interviews
- Informants for studying parenting include parents, children, extended family, therapists, preachers, and lawyers
- Types of data include quantitative (numbers), qualitative (words), and mixed methods
Parent Education
- Sources include personal experience, books, religion, observation, classes/ extensions, social media, and testimonials
- Benefits include:
- Improved parental empowerment and competency
- Increased positive parenting practices
- Increased social connections and improved child and parent-child interactions
- Improved parental mental health and well-being
- Decreased use of corporal punishment and risk of child abuse
Parenting and Culture
- Culture is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, encompassing language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music, and arts
- Culture is a learned behavior
- Parents are purveyors and products of culture
- Culture influences what is proper in terms of parenting like discipline
- Other factors can influence parenting, such as collectivism vs. individualism, respect for elders, arranged marriages, ceremonial rites of passage, extended family involvement, language emphasis, dietary practices, educational priorities, gender-specific roles, spiritual guidance, and discipline approaches
- Race is physical, and ethnicity is a cultural identity
- Challenges for ethnically diverse or migrant families include moving, family relations, ensuring well-being, and addressing prejudice and stereotypes
Basics of Theory
- Theories explain why people act the way they do
- Theories are sets of interrelated concepts, definitions, or propositions that specify relationships among variables and represent a systematic view of specific phenomena
- Characteristics of good theories:
- Internally consistent
- Comprehensive
- Parsimonious
- Falsifiable/testable
- Predictable
- Integrative
- Useful
Psychodynamic Theory
- Freudian psychology involves people passing through five stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
- Erogenous zones thought to be central to development
- Erick Erikson's concepts include:
- Stages of development
- Psychosocial crisis
- Radius of significant relationships
- Core pathologies
Ecological systems theory
- Includes:
- Family, society, impacting the individual child
- Microsystem: immediate environment with direct contact
- Mesosystem: interactions between the child's microsystem
- Exosystem: formal/informal social structures indirectly influencing the child
- Macrosystem: cultural elements affecting a child's development
- Chronosystem: environmental changes over a lifetime
Strange Situation Experiment
- Secure attachment happens when parents/caregivers are available, sensitive, and accepting
- Allows children to explore but are there for them when they need security or comfort
- Caregivers pick them up, play with them, and reassure their needs
- Children learn they can express negative emotions, how to be in trusting/healthy relationships with self-esteem, and stay in touch with feelings and competence
- Ambivalent/Resistant Attachment happens when parents respond to needs sporadically
- Care and protection are sometimes there and sometimes not
- Child fails to develop feelings of security from the attachment figure
- Creates demanding/clingy behavior
Attachment Styles
- Avoidant attachment is when - Parents have trouble accepting/responding to their child's needs
- They minimize feelings, reject demands, and don't help with difficult tasks
- Makes child insecure
- Child grows up to help parent, becomes a "parentified child"
- Child learns it's best to leave parent out, becomes overly independent
- Avoids close relationships and intimacy
- Disorganized attachment - parents who manifest atypical behaviors such as rejection, ridicule, and fear-based tactics, and have unresolved trauma
- Children experience fear/anxiety instead of care/protection
- Child strategy is disorganized, but develops behaviors to feel safe
- May exhibit aggression or refuse care
- Likely to prefer casual relationships or stay in the dating stage for a long time
Parenting Styles
- Diana Baumrind's parenting styles include:
- Authoritarian
- Authoritative
- Permissive
- Uninvolved/neglectful (added later)
- There is a warmth/responsiveness and control/demandingness continua
Permissive Parents
- Non-punitive and accepting
- Make few attempts at shaping behavior
- Disorganized/ineffective in running household
- Less controlling, insecure about influencing their children
- Few demands on child, maximum self-regulation encouraged
- Mothers are moderately loving; fathers are generally lax
- Offer love/warmth but use it manipulatively
- Employ warmth and ridicule as incentives rather than power and reason
- Yield associated with internalizing/externalizing behaviors; social skills, self-confidence; self-understanding and active problem coping
Authoritarian Parents
- Set absolute standards and use punitive measures
- Do not allow children to challenge rules, but enforces them
- Wield firm control/power freely
- Do not attempt to use reason to convince their children or encourage them to express themselves
- Less nurturing and affectionate with fear as a motivating force
- Children are likely discontented, insecure, and hostile under stress
- Careful work and function at high-cognitive level
- Associated with negative developmental behaviors
Neglectful Parents
- Neither responsive nor demanding
- Do not support/encourage child's self-regulation
- Often fail to monitor/supervise child's behavior
- Exhibit overall uninvolvement
- Do not respond to needs/desires beyond basic food, shelter, and clothing
- Children receive little guidance, discipline, and nurturing
- Children are left to raise themselves and make decisions
- Children lack emotional connection to parents
- Can cause difficulty with social interactions and a lack of coping skills
- May cause lack self-regulation, academic underachievement, etc.
Authoritative Parents
- Consistent and loving
- Conscientious and stable
- Communicate respect for child's decisions but are able to take a firm stand
- Directives accompanied with reason
- Encourage children to speak freely, even in dissent
- Respect child's wishes but expect the child to take into account needs of others
- Warm, supportive, loving, and communicate more freely
- Homes are not marked with discord/dissent
- High balance of control, high demands, and clear communication requirements
- Help with maturation, resilience, optimism, self-reliance, social competence, self-esteem, and academic achievement
- Nurture and Structure
- Circumplex model of closeness and flexibility
Other influences on parenting
- Culture/societal influences: authoritarian (collectivist cultures), authoritative (western)
- Parental personality and psychological factors
- Parenting styles and attachment theories
- Parenting styles in the digital age
- Parent-child bidirectional influences
- Evolutionary and biological perspectives
- Longitudinal changes
- Parenting styles and educational outcomes
- Parenting styles in non-traditional family structures
- Intersection of Parenting styles with other domains
Critique of "Parenting Styles"
- Generally ignores context
- Fails to incorporate bi-directional understandings
- Parents often use different approaches over time depending on circumstances
- Negative outcomes associated with authoritarian parenting are not universal
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Description
Explore parenting as socialization and enculturation. Learn about studying parenting through longitudinal, experimental, observational, and survey methods. Discover parent education sources like books, classes, and social media for empowerment and positive practices.
