Class and Achievement

According to Bernstein's theory, what is the primary characteristic of the 'restricted code' of language?

According to Feinstein, parental education level has no influence on a child's academic success, regardless of the family's social class

How does 'cultural deprivation' affect a child's ability to succeed in school, according to cultural deprivation theorists?

According to Sugarman, working-class individuals are more likely to seek _______ gratification, focusing on immediate pleasures rather than saving for the future.

Match the following parenting styles with their typical characteristics:

According to Howard (2001), what is one way that poorer homes can affect young people?

According to Wilkinson (1996), children from poorer homes are less likely to have emotional or behavioural problems.

According to Smith and Noble (1995) how does poverty act as a barrier to learning?

Cultural deprivation is when a child is deprived of several things needed for educational success, such as _______, values, attitudes and skills.

Match the descriptions to the following:

According to UCAS (2012), what was the fall in the number of UK applicants?

According to a National Union of Students (2010) survey 81% of those from the highest social class received help from home.

How can fear of debt act as a disadvantage to working-class students?

Working-class were over five times less likely to apply than the most _______ students (typically middle-class).

According to Bourdieu (1984), what are the three types of capital?

Labelling has nothing to do with teachers' attitudes or what they regard as 'ideal pupils'.

How do teachers commonly label working-class pupils?

According to Material Deprivation theorists the main cause of underachievement is _______.

Match the following:

According to Dunne and Gazeley, what contributes to the persistent underachievement of working-class students?

Teachers in the study believed they could more easily address the underachievement of working-class pupils compared to middle-class pupils.

What did teachers often perceive as a characteristic of working-class parents regarding their children's education?

Teachers were more likely to assign ________ work to underachieving middle-class pupils.

Match the teaching strategies with the corresponding student group based on teacher perceptions:

What did Dunne and Gazeley conclude about how teachers handled underachievement?

Teachers in the study consistently held the same expectations for all students, regardless of their socioeconomic background.

According to the study, what evidence suggested that teachers viewed middle-class parents as supportive?

Working-class pupils who performed well were sometimes labeled as __________.

The study was conducted by interviewing teachers in how many English state secondary schools?

The study found that teachers actively tried to counteract their biases against working-class pupils.

What area of school attainment did Dunne and Gazeley conclude that teachers constructed class differences?

Teachers showed less concern for the _______ of working-class pupils.

What year did Dunne and Gazeley conduct the research?

Teachers often provide same level of support to students regardless the family's social class background.

What kind of parental support was associated with middle-class children's education?

The perception of teachers in secondary schools led to _______ differences in dealing with underachieving pupils.

What underlying concept of the teachers caused differences in students' attainment?

Teachers saw those of the working class doing well were seen as adequately achieving.

Match the following pupil background class and how teachers viewed them.

What is the core idea behind a self-fulfilling prophecy?

Labelling has no effect on students' academic achievement.

Briefly outline the first step in the process of a self-fulfilling prophecy, according to the text.

In the second step of a self-fulfilling prophecy, the teacher treats the pupil as if the __________ is already true.

Match the steps of the self-fulfilling prophecy with their descriptions:

What happens when a pupil successfully internalizes the teacher's expectations in the context of a self-fulfilling prophecy?

In Rosenthal and Jacobson's study, the 'special test' used to identify 'spurters' was a genuinely innovative assessment tool.

In Rosenthal and Jacobson's study, what percentage of the randomly selected students identified as 'spurters' showed significant progress?

Rosenthal and Jacobson told the school they had a new test to identify pupils who would '__________ ahead.'

What critical aspect of the Rosenthal and Jacobson study contributed to the self-fulfilling prophecy?

The self-fulfilling prophecy only affects students who are considered 'high achievers'.

What is the potential impact of a teacher's negativity or low expectations on a student's performance?

Interactionists suggest that __________ can affect pupils' achievement.

Why might a teacher giving a student more attention and expecting higher standards contribute to a self-fulfilling prophecy?

The effects of self-fulfilling prophecies are equal across all age groups.

What two researchers conducted the study at Oak community school?

In the study, the researchers picked 20% of the pupils at __________ and told the school that they had identified these children as 'spurters'.

Which of the following is NOT a direct step in creating a self-fulfilling prophecy, as described in the text?

The Rosenthal and Jacobson study primarily intended to prove the ineffectiveness of IQ tests.

Match the individual with their role in the study mentioned in the text:

What is the primary way streaming affects students once they are placed in a specific stream?

Middle-class pupils tend to be placed in lower streams because teachers view them as less capable.

What is the definition of streaming in education?

Publishing exam league tables creates what Gillborn and Youdell call an '_____ economy' in schools.

Match each concept with its correct description according to the text:

What did Douglas's research find regarding the effect of streaming on children's IQ scores?

Schools do not need to achieve a good league table position to attract pupils and funding.

What is the implication of schools focusing on students with the potential to achieve grade C or higher, according to Gillborn and Youdell?

Becker's research indicates that teachers tend to view _____ children as lacking ability, which leads to them being placed in lower streams.

Match the following concepts according to the effects of educational streaming described in the text:

According to Gillborn and Youdell, what is the effect of teachers using stereotypical notions of ability to stream pupils?

Once children are placed in streams, teachers tend to change their expectations of them, regardless of the stream.

In the context of the 'A-to-C economy', why do schools focus on pupils with the potential to achieve grade Cs?

Children in lower streams 'get the _____' that their teachers have written them off as no-hopers.

Match the following outcomes with the educational practice that leads to them.

What is a direct consequence of the 'A-to-C economy' in schools, as described by Gillborn and Youdell?

Streaming always has a positive impact on a student's academic performance, regardless of their background.

How do exam league tables affect the behavior of schools?

In a self-fulfilling prophecy within the context of streaming, pupils live up to their teachers' low expectations by _____.

Match each term with its impact related to streaming and the 'A-to-C economy'.

What is the meaning of 'triage' in the context of educational triage?

Educational triage aims to provide personalized learning experiences that give each student an equal chance of thriving.

According to the 'A-to-C economy', into which three categories do schools typically categorize pupils?

The practice of labeling working-class pupils as 'hopeless cases' can lead to a self-fulfilling ______.

Match the following pupil categories with their corresponding description within educational triage:

What underlying factor often influences teachers to label working-class pupils as 'hopeless cases'?

Educational triage always results in improved overall achievement for all pupils in a school.

What drives educational triage, leading schools to implement this practice?

Labeling pupils as 'hopeless cases' and warehousing them in bottom sets produces a self-______ prophecy and failure

Match the concepts with their descriptions:

What is the definition of pupil subculture?

Pupil subcultures always have a negative impact on academic performance.

According to Colin Lacey, what are the two key concepts that explain how pupil subcultures develop in response to streaming?

Streaming is a form of ______, since it categorises pupils into separate classes.

Match the terms with their definitions according to Colin Lacey's theory:

What is the definition of polarisation in the context of pupil subcultures?

Differentiation among pupils always leads to polarisation and the formation of distinct subcultures.

In Lacey's study of Hightown boys’ grammar school, what two polarized subcultures did he observe as a result of streaming?

Those that the school deems 'more able' are given high status by being placed in a high ______, whereas those deemed 'less able' are placed in low streams.

Match the status to the stream pupils are placed in:

According to Lacey's study, what is a common characteristic of pupils in high streams?

Pupils in low streams generally have high self-esteem, according to research.

What is one way pupils in anti-school subcultures might seek to gain status among their peers?

According to Lacey, a boy who does badly academically is predisposed to criticise, reject or even ______ the system where he can, since it places him in an inferior position.

Match the subculture characteristic to the type of subculture:

What did David Hargreaves' 1967 study reveal about labelling and streaming in schools?

Joining an anti-school subculture always solves the problem of lack of status without creating further issues.

From the perspective of the education system, what were boys in the lower streams considered, according to the text?

Pupils placed in high streams tend to remain ______ to the values of the school.

Which of the following best describes the outcome of joining an anti-school subculture?

According to Lacey's study, streaming has no effect on student's attitudes toward school.

What is a key factor in the formation of anti-school subcultures?

What is one characteristic Lacey observed in those belonging to anti-school subcultures?

According to studies, students in lower streams were sometimes labeled as '______' by the education system.

In what way do pupils in anti-school subcultures invert school values?

According to Lacey's study, abolishing streaming always results in improved academic performance for all students.

Match the following characterizations to the descriptions given in the study:

According to Lacey, what happens to the work of a boy who seeks refuge in an anti-school subculture and has poor work?

The label of ______ pushes those in low streams to search for alternative ways of gaining status.

What long-term educational outcome is associated with joining an anti-school subculture?

According to Woods (1979), pupil responses to labeling and streaming lead to the creation of what?

Match each pupil response to labeling with its description:

Furlong (1984) argues that pupils are permanently committed to one type of response.

Name one factor outside of school that might influence the development of pupil subcultures.

Labeling theory suggests that underachievement is a result of what?

Labeling theory suggests that interactions within schools cannot actively create social class inequalities.

What accusation has been made against labeling theory?

According to the text with criticisms of labeling theory, what is ignored?

The idea that achievement results in pupils being negatively labelled and placed in lower streams creates a ______ prophecy.

Which perspective criticizes labeling theory for tending to blame teachers but failing to explain why they do so?

Mary Fuller states that labeling theory is always true.

According to the criticisms of labelling theory, labels are a result of what?

What type of theorist assumes schools are not neutral or fair institutions?

If pupils are labelled they might fulfil the ______.

What aspect of the interaction within schools actively creates social class inequalities?

Determinism emphasizes student choice and agency in overcoming labels.

What is the term for students who are labelled having no choice but to fulfil the prophecy?

Labelling theory tends to blame teachers for labelling pupils, but fails to explain ______.

Marxists argue that labels stem from what?

Labelling theory provides a complete explanation of why teachers label pupils.

What does the concept of habitus refer to?

All classes' habitus are considered intrinsically equal within the education system.

What is 'symbolic violence' as defined by Bourdieu in the context of education?

The text suggests that working-class students may experience educational success as a process of ______.

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

What is one consequence of the clash between working-class pupils' habitus and the school's middle-class habitus?

Schools with a middle-class habitus often give middle-class pupils an advantage.

What did Archer discover about working-class pupils' perceptions of what it takes to be educationally successful?

Because schools have a middle-class habitus, students socialized at home into middle-class tastes gain ______ from the school.

Which of the following factors do sociologists consider when studying pupils' class identities and the school?

The text suggests that working-class pupils generally find it easy to access and feel comfortable in middle-class spaces such as universities.

In what way does defining the working class and their tastes as inferior perpetuate social inequality?

Habitus is formed as a response to a group's ______ in the class structure.

What is the relationship between middle-class habitus and the education system, according to this text?

Bourdieu's concept of cultural capital is unrelated to the school's middle-class habitus.

What happens to working-class pupils' tastes and preferences within a school that devalues the working-class habitus?

Archer's research indicates that, to be educationally successful, working-class pupils felt they would have to change how they ______ themselves.

What is the result of symbolic violence related to class?

The text indicates that middle-class students never experience a sense of 'losing yourself' in the education system.

How does having a middle-class habitus give middle-class students an advantage in schools?

According to Bourdieu, what contributes to working-class individuals perceiving elite universities as 'not for the likes of us'?

Sarah Evans' study showed that all working-class girls she interviewed were eager to apply to elite universities.

According to Reay et al. (2005), what does self-exclusion from elite universities do to the options available to working-class pupils?

The clash between working-class identity and the habitus of higher education can act as a ______ to success.

Match the researcher with their finding related to class and education:

What consistent pattern is revealed by the described studies of Evans, Ingram, and Archer?

According to the provided text, maintaining a working-class identity is always seen as beneficial for academic success.

What is the primary reason working-class students exclude themselves from elite universities, according to the text?

The habitus of working-class people includes beliefs about what opportunities really exist for them and whether they would ______ in.

The text implies that working-class students in higher education are often forced to make which difficult decision?

The 'habitus' mentioned in the text refers exclusively to a person's financial background.

Besides Oxbridge, what is a general term used in the text to describe the type of universities that working-class students may feel are 'not for the likes of us'?

According to Evans, only ______ of the 21 girls she studied intended to move away from home to study.

Match each term with its description:

What is one result of working-class students thinking of places like Oxbridge as being 'not for the likes of us'?

The studies mentioned support the idea that the education system equally values the experiences of all social classes.

What choice do working-class pupils have to make if they wish to achieve in education?

Self-exclusion from elite or distant universities, narrows the ______ of many working-class pupils, and limits their success.

The text suggests the clash between working-class identity and higher education contributes to:

The text suggests all working-class students consciously recognize and understand the concept of self-exclusion.

Why is it important to consider both internal and external factors when analyzing class differences in academic achievement?

Working-class pupils' habitus always aligns seamlessly with the middle-class habitus of schools, leading to academic success.

How can the labeling of working-class pupils who use restricted speech code lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy?

According to Dunne and Gazeley, teachers' beliefs about working-class pupils' home backgrounds can be an internal factor that produces ______.

Match the external factor with its potential consequence:

What is meant by 'symbolic violence' in the context of working-class pupils' experiences at school?

External factors have no impact on processes within a school.

How do GCSE league tables exemplify an external factor affecting schools?

Gillborn and Youdell argue that external factors drive the 'A-to-C economy', resulting in ______ and streaming within schools.

Which of the following is an example of an internal factor that impacts a student's educational achievement?

Poverty, as an external material factor, exclusively leads to academic failure and has no other social or emotional consequences for students.

Define 'habitus' in the context of working-class pupils and its impact on their education.

When working-class pupils use restricted speech code, this is considered an ______ cultural factor.

What potential outcome may emerge for students when poverty leads to bullying and stigmatization?

According to Gillborn and Youdell, external factors never influence the labelling and streaming of students within schools.

How might national educational policies contribute to school streaming?

Working-class pupils' identities formed outside school may conflict with the school's ______ habitus.

What is the relationship between internal and external factors?

Working-class pupils' home backgrounds leads to overachievement.

Explain the 'A-to-C economy' and who developed this concept?