Parasitology Quiz: Trichuris & Trypanosoma
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Questions and Answers

What is the survival duration of Trichuris trichiura in the human body?

  • 1-3 years (correct)
  • 10 years or more
  • 1-2 months
  • 5-7 years

    • Which population is most frequently affected by Trichuris trichiura infections?

  • Healthcare workers
  • Young children (correct)
  • Pregnant women
  • Elderly individuals

    • What type of cycle is primarily associated with the Trichuridae family?

  • Transitional cycle
  • Direct cycle (correct)
  • Indirect cycle
  • Complex life cycle

    • What condition is associated with the recovery phase of Trichuris trichiura infection?

    <p>Encystation of the larvae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is effective in inactivating larvae of Trichuris trichiura?

    <p>Freezing at -15°C for 20 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Trypanosoma species causes Chagas disease?

    <p>T.cruzi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What vector is associated with East-African sleeping sickness?

    <p>Glossina morsitans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom indicates the systemic spread of sleeping sickness?

    <p>Fever and headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period for East-African sleeping sickness?

    <p>1 month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is administered intravenously for T.rhodesiense?

    <p>Suramin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of stage-2 sleeping sickness?

    <p>Lymphadenopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Winterbottom's sign associated with?

    <p>Swollen lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mortality rate of sleeping sickness reported in the 1990s?

    <p>55,000 mortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the free-living cycle in the life cycle of nematodes?

    <p>Involves direct transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is escheatment in the context of nematodes?

    <p>A process influenced by host and site factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layers make up the typical morphology of nematode eggs?

    <p>Vitelline, chitin, lipid, and mucopolysaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the L3 larva in the life cycle of nematodes?

    <p>It is a non-feeding larval stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can infection by Strongyloides stercoralis occur?

    <p>Via auto-infection in immunocompromised individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental factors influence the hatching of nematode eggs?

    <p>Temperature and humidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the life cycle of nematodes, what is arrested development?

    <p>A stage of dormancy due to environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of the infectious L3 larva residing in an intermediate host?

    <p>It can lead to passive infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds primarily causes H+ leakage through the inner mitochondrial membrane?

    <p>Disophenol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of paralysis do excitatory (depolarizing) agents induce in neuromuscular coordination?

    <p>Spastic paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is included as a cholinergic inhibitor?

    <p>Levamisole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is involved in the action of macrocyclic lactones?

    <p>Binding to glutamate-gated chloride channel receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a trematocidal agent through the destruction of tegument?

    <p>Epsiprantel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of chlorsulon in terms of anthelmintic activity?

    <p>Inhibition of glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following anthelmintics works through interactions with intracellular Ca2+ concentrations?

    <p>Praziquantel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs would primarily induce flaccid paralysis?

    <p>Piperazines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the patent phase of acute schistosomiasis?

    <p>Haematuria and haemorrhagic diarrhoea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication associated with Schistosoma haematobium infection?

    <p>Development of bladder cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used for diagnosing schistosomiasis?

    <p>Demonstration of eggs in urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the treatment of schistosomiasis is true?

    <p>Praziquantel is the primary medication used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is associated with the most severe form of Katayama fever?

    <p>Schistosoma japonicum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method of preventing schistosomiasis?

    <p>Regular vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique morphological feature do cestodes possess?

    <p>Absence of a digestive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of schistosomiasis is primarily associated with intestinal symptoms?

    <p>Schistosoma mansoni</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does eosinophilia indicate in relation to schistosomiasis?

    <p>Presence of parasitic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary host system for the adult cestodes?

    <p>Gastrointestinal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key properties of milbemycins?

    <p>High safety factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is NOT a direct method of parasitological diagnosis?

    <p>Serology tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long should fresh stool samples be stored in the fridge before examination?

    <p>24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of flotation methods, what density is typically used for the solution?

    <p>1.20 - 1.25 g/l</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a McMaster counting chamber?

    <p>Count eggs per gram (EPG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the relationship between EPG and the worm population?

    <p>There is no relation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct volume of stool needed for quantitative determinations in flotation?

    <p>2 grams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'larvicidal' in the context of milbemycins?

    <p>Effectiveness against immature larval stages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Master's Programme in Biomedical Sciences: Infectious and Tropical Diseases

    • Master's program offered in Biomedical Sciences
    • Focus: Infectious and Tropical diseases
    • Offered by Prof. G. Caljon and Prof. em. L. Maes
    • Academic year: 2024 - 2025

    Programme Structure (Master 1)

    • Human parasites, microorganisms, and zoonoses (6 credits, Caljon, Sem1)
    • Molecular bacteriology of Infectious Diseases (3 credits, Malhotra, Sem1)
    • Ecology, epidemiology, and control of infectious diseases (6 credits, Leirs, Sem1)
    • Integrated Infectious and tropical disease practicals (3 credits, Caljon, Sem1)
    • Immunology of tropical infectious diseases (6 credits, Caljon, Sem2)
    • Pathogenesis and clinical aspects of tropical infectious diseases (6 credits, Ariën, Sem2)
    • Novel vaccine technologies and applications (3 credits, Delputte, Sem2)
    • Molecular virology and infections (3 credits, Delputte, Sem2)

    Programme Structure (Master 2)

    • Molecular epidemiology of Infectious Diseases (3 credits, Dujardin, Sem1)
    • Health economics and mathematical models of infectious diseases (3 credits, Beutels, Sem1)

    Optional Courses (2024-2025)

    • Laboratory Animal Science - Rodents (4 credits, Van Ginneken, Sem1)
    • Laboratory Animal Science - Fish (4 credits, Knapen, Sem1)
    • Academic English (4 credits, Ellender, Sem1 & 2)
    • Quality Management and GLP (4 credits, Geuens, Sem1 & 2)
    • Summer School - Course at foreign institution (4 credits, Van Dam, Sem2)
    • Massive Open Online Courses (4 credits, Van Dam, Sem2)
    • Entomology of vector-borne diseases (4 credits, Müller, Sem1)
    • Preparedness and rapid response (4 credits, Berens-Riha, Sem1)

    Topic: Parasitology

    • Focuses on the study of parasitic symbiosis
    • Includes protozoa, helminths, and arthropods
    • Key elements include parasite morphology, biology, and diagnosis
    • Relation between parasite and host, physiology, biochemistry, cell biology
    • Immunological mechanisms (humoral, cellular)
    • Epidemiology: transmission, distribution, and host-parasite interactions.
    • Clinical disease and treatment (pharmacology, clincs, pathology)

    Topic: Definitions-1

    • Obligate parasitism: parasitic stage required in cycle
    • Facultative parasitism: independent, non-parasitic cycle is possible
    • Permanent parasitism: total cycle on the host
    • Temporary parasitism: part of the cycle on the host
    • Incidental parasitism: relatively rare in particular host
    • Erratic parasitism: abnormal location within host
    • Stenoxene: high host specificity
    • Euryxene: low host specificity
    • Homoxene: one host within cycle (direct)
    • Heteroxene: more hosts within cycle (indirect)

    Topic: Definitions-2 (Host)

    • Definitive host: adult stage; sexual multiplication
    • Intermediate host: larval stage (with development)
    • Paratenic host: larval stage (without development)
    • Vector: active role in transmission, whether biological or mechanical

    Topic: Definitions-2 (other)

    • Prepatent period: Between infection and becoming infectious
    • Patent period: period of infectivity (production of eggs, larvae, etc.)
    • Endo-parasite: lives within the host
    • Ecto-parasite: lives on the host
    • Meso-parasite: lives in external cavities
    • Reservoir host: normal biotope of the parasite
    • Zoonotic disease: vertebrate animal = source of infection for man

    Topic: Host-Parasite Interactions

    • Infection mechanisms – passive through food/water, active through vectors (biting/sucking)
    • Ectoparasites: Limited interaction with host
    • Endoparasites: intracellular interactions = immune avoidance, extracellular interactions = immune evasion; antigenic variation, host Ag incorporation, protective wall formation (cysts)

    Topic: Anti-parasite Immunity

    • Immune mechanisms: Humoral, Cellular.
    • Immune response, including different cell types, lymphocytes, and cytokines.

    Topic: General Classification

    • Classification criteria include phylogenetical, biological, morphological, and genetic characteristics.
    • The various taxa of biological organisms (kingdoms, classes, orders, etc.) including human parasites
    • Nomenclature: genus is written in capital, and species in italics/underline
    • Examples of taxonomic categories are included.

    Topic: Definitions-1

    • Species & strain; infection pressure
    • Localization; stage

    Topic: Pathogenesis

    • Wasting, spoliation
    • Formation of toxic products
    • Immunosuppression
    • Allergy and hypersensitivity
    • Mechanical damage
    • Irritation

    Topic: Clinical Signs

    • Subclinical /most frequent/
    • Clinical /parasite load, specific immunity, host factors/
    • GI, Respiratory, Reproduction, CNS, Vascular, Skin, Liver, Organs symptoms

    Topic: Prevalence

    • Tropical & subtropics
    • Developing countries issue
    • Poor living conditions & hygiene
    • Inadequate disease control & treatment
    • Malnourishment
    • Poor health education
    • Regional or ethnic habits
    • Climate conditions
    • Immunosuppression (HIV) & opportunistic infections

    Topic: Specific Parasitic Infections (Examples)** 

    •  Intestinal amoebas, Enterobius vermicularis, Ancylostoma duodenale, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Toxocara canis

    Topic: Prevalence: Global Health Situation & Infectious Killers

    • Global health situation data
    • Leading infectious killers worldwide (deaths, millions, 1998)

    Topic: Prevalence: Geographical distribution

    • Geographical patterns & prevalence (e.g., malaria distribution)

    Topic: General Characteristics: Protozoa (Examples)

    • Protozoa classification & characteristics (including morphology, reproduction)
    • Intestinal amoebas (including species diagnosis, epidemiology, symptoms, treatment of infection, morphology)
    • Example of specific parasite, life-cycle including its various stages
    • General classification, important taxa

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Apicomplexa

    • Classification of Apicomplexa, emphasizing obligate intracellular parasitic nature, apical complex, reproduction, species, life-cycles

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Coccidia/Eimerida

    • Species characteristics, emphasizing host specificity, variable pathogenicity, and life cycles
    • Emphasize the cycle of these parasites
    • Diagnosis & treatment, common clinical symptoms

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Cryptosporidium

    • Cycle description of species, host specificity, and conditions related to human infections (e.g., immunocompromized)

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Toxoplasma

    • Emphasis on the toxoplasmosis cycle and role of intermediate hosts (e.g., cats, mammals)

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Sarcocystidae

    • Role of intermediate hosts (e.g., mammals) in parasite cycle highlighted
    • Importance of zoonosis context
    • Clinical context

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Malaria (Plasmodium spp)

    • Cycle, host and vector, symptoms, and diagnosis

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Babesia

    • Parasitophores in RBC, pathogenicity, and cycle (zoonosis)

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Trematoda

    • Emphasis on the general characteristics and morphology, digenetic fluke cycle, life cycle stages & clinical aspects

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Fasciola hepatica

    • Cycle and clinical features
    • Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of infection highlights

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Clonorchis sinensis

    • Cycle, geographical regions where it's prominent, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Fasciolopsis buski

    • Key features of the parasite, including the cycle, geographic distribution, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Heterophyes, Metagonimus

    • Host specificity, cycle details, and any additional details of significance for these parasitic organisms

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Paragonimus westermani

    • Details about the distinctive morphological characteristics of the parasite, the cycle, geographic distribution, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment, and emphasis on ectopic location (e.g., lung).

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Schistosoma

    • Characteristic egg morphology
    • Cycle
    • Clinical features
    • Diagnosis and treatment for infections(especially in humans)

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Trichobilharzia and Ornithobilharzia

    • Diagnostic tools, control measures, and significance of species for human infection context
    • Focus is on swimmers itch and other associated symptoms.

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Cestoda

    • General characteristics of cestodes, their morphology, scolex, strobila, proglottids, etc
    • Overview of important species including their life cycle, common locations
    • Includes specific aspects of the life cycles & clinical and diagnostic features of these species

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Diphyllobothrium latum

    • Cycle and the clinical and diagnostic context. Geographical association included.
    • Clinical context included.

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Spirometra

    • Focus on human ‘sparganosis’ context, emphasizing infection routes and location in the body. Diagnostic possibilities and preventative measures.

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Taenia saginata and solium

    • Life cycles of these cestodes, emphasizing the importance of raw meat consumption for infection.
    • Prevention and clinical symptoms of taeniasis and cysticercosis
    • Disease characteristics
    • Diagnostic considerations and treatment strategies emphasized.

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Hymenolepis nana and diminuta

    • Emphasize species characteristics, clinical significance
    • Life cycles and relevant diagnostic testing and treatment

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Dipylidium caninum

    • Disease vector, clinical aspects, diagnostic techniques.
    • Life Cycle details

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis

    • Life cycle & significance of zoonosis for humans
    • Clinical details emphasizing hydatid cyst disease
    • Diagnosis and treatment for Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis infections.
    • Emphasis on control and preventive measures

    Topic: Important Genera/Species

    • Key characteristics for nematodes including morphologies, organs
    • Classification, life cycles & clinical aspects

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Strongyloides stercoralis

    • Cycle, clinical symptoms associated with infection, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies for infections

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Hookworms (Ancylostomatidae)

    • Morphology and diagnostic possibilities
    • Clinical symptoms
    • Prevalence and geographic distribution.

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Cutaneous Larva Migrans

    • Relevant infections via non-human hookworm larvae
    • Clinical Presentation

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Ascaridida

    • Clinical features, diagnostics, prevalence
    • Infections prevalent in small intestine and possible migration to other organs
    • Disease caused by ascaris lumbricoides in humans

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Visceral Larva Migrans

    • Clinical course, symptoms, diagnosis, and management
    • The importance of zoonotic transmissions in affecting different hosts, including humans.

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Anisakiasis (Anisakis simplex)

    • Infection routes, clinical manifestations, importance of proper food preparation and handling
    • Focus on infection route, symptoms, and identification

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Enterobius vermicularis

    • Clinical features, diagnosis, prevalence
    • Retro-infection and auto-infection scenarios.

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Trichuridae

    • Clinical features, diagnosis, prevalence
    • Typical symptoms seen and geographic preferences of infection

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Trichinellidae

    • Clinical features, diagnosis, prevalence
    • Role of humans and animals in the cycle; diagnosis considerations.

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Filarial worms (Wuchereria, Brugia, Dirofilaria, Onchocerca)

    • Features of transmission, and clinical symptoms
    • Life cycle in detail and diagnostic techniques
    • Significance in affected regions.

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Dracunculus medinensis.

    • Details of zoonotic transmission including the intermediate host
    • Symptoms and diagnosis, treatment

    Topic: Important Families/Species (Arthropods)

    •  Classification of arthropods (Arachnida, Insecta)
    • Medical relevance and common disease vectors for different arthropod groups
    • Morphological characteristics
    • Examples of parasites and their clinical impacts when affecting humans.

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Lice (Anoplura)

    • Features including species, vectors, and infection modes
    • Clinical aspects highlighting the symptoms and course

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Bugs (Hemiptera)

    • Focus on disease vectors including clinical and geographical significance
    • Features of infection & disease vectors for different species

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Fleas (Siphonaptera)

    • Features of transmission, disease vectors, and clinical significance

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Diptera

    • Focus on Diptera, specifically the suborders Nematocera and Brachycera
    • Important genera and distinguishing characteristics
    • Disease vectors and associated clinical details

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Culicidae

    • Subdivisions of the family (Culicinae, Anophelinae) and distinguishing characteristics
    • Classification and disease vectors highlighted; clinical aspects emphasized.
    • Role of mosquito in different vectors.

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Simulium

    • Focuses on the classification, vector role, and characteristics of these insects
    • Clinical significance and associated disease symptoms are highlighted.

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Psychodidae

    • Focus on these insects, their distinguishing features, vector role, classification
    • Clinical presentations associated with particular infection context

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Glossina

    • Classification, species characteristics, geographic distribution, and associated vector role and clinical context.
    • Transmission context; role in zoonotic disease transmission

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Tabanidae

    • Features of these flies including the role as a mechanical vector and characteristics

    Topic: Important Genera/Species: Flies (general)

    • Taxonomy, general characteristics, relevant species
    • clinical pathology from various infections

    Topic: Antiparasitic Drugs

    • Overview of antiparasitic drugs, their actions, and uses
    • Different drugs for treating different parasite types

    Topic: Overview of Zoonoses

    • Global distribution and impact of zoonotic diseases
    • Zoonotic diseases & associated diseases

    Topic: Parasitological diagnosis

    • Methods for identifying parasites in different sample types (faeces, blood, urine, skin)
    • Diagnostic tools and equipment used (including microscopes, centrifuges, etc.)

    Topic: Parasitological Diagnosis

    • Diagnostic methods used in parasitological investigations in humans
    • Serological diagnostics
    • Clinical evaluation

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    Master's Programme in Biomedical Sciences (Infectious & Tropical Diseases) 2024-2025 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the characteristics and effects of Trichuris trichiura and Trypanosoma species. This quiz covers survival duration, affected populations, transmission cycles, treatment methods, and symptoms associated with these parasites. Enhance your understanding of parasitology and its impact on human health.

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