Parasitology Quiz: Key Concepts and Mode of Infection
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Questions and Answers

What term describes a preferred site where a parasite feeds or resides within or on a host?

  • Aberrant site
  • Trophic transmission
  • Predilection site (correct)
  • Commensalism

Which life cycle strategy allows a parasite to be transmitted to the next host when the current host is eaten?

  • Enhancing predator avoidance in intermediate hosts
  • Trophic transmission (correct)
  • Motile life cycle stages
  • Using vectors to deliver parasites

What term describes a site in or on a host which is not a normal location for the parasite?

  • Predilection site
  • Vector
  • Commensalism
  • Aberrant site (correct)

What is a potential advantage of a parasite having a complex life cycle involving more than one host?

<p>Easier to avoid the host's immune system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is neither harmed nor benefited?

<p>Commensalism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of Leucochloridium paradoxum, the 'Zombie Snails' parasite?

<p>It is an endoparasite that lives inside the snail. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the behavior exhibited by infected fish due to heavy infections or altered behavioral traits?

<p>Swimming close to the water surface and exhibiting risky behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Toxoplasma gondii reproduce and complete its life cycle?

<p>It reproduces sexually in cats and asexually in rodents. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenomenon referred to as 'Fatal Feline Attraction'?

<p>Rodents losing their fear of cats, making them easier prey. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Leucochloridium paradoxum, what role does the bird host play in the parasite's life cycle?

<p>The bird host is attracted to the infected snail and consumes it, spreading the parasite further. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of life cycle does Dirofilaria immitis (dog heartworm) have?

<p>Direct life cycle without a paratenic host (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the life cycle of Toxocara canis is correct?

<p>Toxocara canis has an indirect life cycle with a paratenic host (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between sexual and asexual reproduction in parasites?

<p>Sexual reproduction results in greater genetic diversity, while asexual reproduction lacks genetic diversity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe arrested development in parasites that has a seasonal basis?

<p>Hypobiosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a parasitic symbiotic relationship?

<p>Endoparasitism, where one organism lives inside another and harms it (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about parasites is true?

<p>Parasites reduce the biological fitness of their host to some extent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between an endoparasite and an ectoparasite?

<p>An endoparasite lives inside its host, while an ectoparasite lives on the surface of its host. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mode of infection for parasites?

<p>Skin penetration by larvae or cysts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a paratenic host in the life cycle of a parasite?

<p>It is a non-required transport host in which no development occurs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a direct life cycle in parasites?

<p>It requires only one host to complete the life cycle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an endoparasite?

<p>A cestode platyhelminth living in the intestine of fish and mammals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between an organism that engages in phoresis and its host?

<p>The organisms are nutritionally independent of each other and have a facultative association (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a facultative parasite?

<p>The fungus Blastomyces dermatitidis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between an ectoparasite and its host?

<p>The parasite lives on the surface of the host and derives all of its food from the host, which is harmed to some extent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of commensalism?

<p>Two organisms that are nutritionally independent and have a facultative association (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior is commonly exhibited by animals infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum?

<p>Increased aggression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary characteristic of Ehrlichia bacteria infection in animals?

<p>Enlarged lymph nodes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following parasites is classified as an ectoparasite?

<p>Monogenea ectoparasitic flatworms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of Heartworm parasitic roundworm infection in dogs?

<p>Persistent coughing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the mode of transmission of tick-borne infections like Anaplasma phagocytophilum?

<p>Infected tick bites (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genus of rickettsial bacteria transmitted to vertebrates by ticks?

<p>Ehrlichia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterial infection affects white blood cells and is transmitted by the deer tick?

<p>Anaplasma phagocytophilum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of roundworm is spread through the bites of mosquitoes?

<p>Heartworm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of ectoparasites includes flatworms that are especially found on the skin, fins, and gills of fish?

<p>Monogenea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is diagnosed microscopically from a deep skin scrape of an infected animal and is found in low numbers in healthy dogs?

<p>Ectoparasitic mite (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for the parasitic roundworm Dirofilaria immitis, the causative agent of dog heartworm disease?

<p>Transmission by infected mosquitoes during blood feeding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of the life cycle of the ectoparasitic flatworm Monogenea?

<p>Undergoes a free-swimming larval stage before infecting the host (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common characteristic of ectoparasites such as ticks, mites, fleas, and lice?

<p>They primarily feed on the host's blood or skin, residing on the exterior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the relationship between Ehrlichia bacteria and a mammalian host?

<p>Parasitism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a paratenic host in the life cycle of the parasitic nematode Toxocara canis?

<p>It provides a means for the parasite to be transmitted to the next host when the current host is eaten (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common mode of transmission for the intracellular bacteria Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of anaplasmosis?

<p>Vector-borne transmission by infected ticks during blood feeding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the feeding habit of ectoparasites like ticks, mites, fleas, and lice?

<p>Hematophagous (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Monogenea flatworms are primarily known for parasitizing which part of their host's body?

<p>Gills (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of parasite is Dirofilaria immitis, commonly known as heartworm in dogs?

<p>Endoparasite (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anaplasma phagocytophilum causes a disease transmitted by which vector?

<p>Tick (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of Ehrlichia bacteria infection in animals?

<p>Fever, lethargy, and decreased appetite (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an ectoparasite?

<p>Tick (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of life cycle does Dirofilaria immitis (dog heartworm) have?

<p>Indirect life cycle with one intermediate host (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between Anaplasma phagocytophilum and its host?

<p>Parasitism, where the parasite harms the host (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a parasitic symbiotic relationship?

<p>Tapeworm and human host (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of the Kinetoplastorida order of flagellated protists?

<p>They are transmitted by biting insects and parasitize the blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these flagellated protists is known to cause the disease giardiasis in humans?

<p>Giardia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of the Trypanosoma genus of flagellated protists?

<p>They are parasites of the blood, generally transmitted by biting insects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these flagellated protists is known to cause the disease histomoniasis, also called 'blackhead', in poultry?

<p>Histomonas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of the Diplomonadorida order of flagellated protists?

<p>They are predominantly found in the intestines of their hosts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct classification for the protozoan genus Giardia?

<p>Subphylum Mastigophora, Class Diplomonadorida (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of the protozoan genus Trypanosoma?

<p>Transmitted by biting insects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct term for the subphylum classification of flagellated protozoa, which includes the genus Giardia?

<p>Mastigophora (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a genus of flagellated protozoa that is a parasite of poultry?

<p>Histomonas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct classification for the protozoan genus Trypanosoma?

<p>Subphylum Mastigophora, Class Kinetoplastida (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a flagellated protozoan parasite that causes giardiasis in humans?

<p>Giardia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a group of flagellated protozoans that includes the causative agents of African sleeping sickness and Chagas disease?

<p>Kinetoplastida (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a flagellated protozoan parasite that infects birds and causes histomoniasis (blackhead disease)?

<p>Histomonas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of the Kinetoplastida group of flagellated protozoans?

<p>Presence of a kinetoplast (a specialized region of the mitochondrion) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the Trypanosoma genus, which includes the causative agents of African sleeping sickness?

<p>They have a single flagellum and are capable of antigenic variation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of Giardia?

<p>Formation of cysts in the environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of locomotion for Trypanosoma?

<p>Flagella (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protozoan parasite is characterized by chronic infections and the development of immunity?

<p>Giardia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates Kinetoplastida from other protozoa in terms of their reproductive strategy?

<p>Schizogony (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of protozoa, which process leads to the exponential increase in numbers and destruction of host cells?

<p>Schizogony (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protozoan parasite is known to cause giardiasis in humans?

<p>Trypanosoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical method of feeding for most protozoa?

<p>Through a cytostome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following protozoa is a flagellate parasite?

<p>Histomonas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following parasites is known to form cysts in the environment or in the host?

<p>Giardia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the morphology of sporocysts between Eimeria and Goussia among Apicomplexans?

<p>Differences in sporocyst morphology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Kinetoplastida?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following protozoans is a causative agent of African sleeping sickness in humans?

<p>Trypanosoma brucei (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following protozoans is a common cause of giardiasis, a diarrheal disease in humans?

<p>Giardia lamblia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following protozoans is a causative agent of histomoniasis, a disease affecting turkeys and other gallinaceous birds?

<p>Histomonas meleagridis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following protozoans is a causative agent of Chagas disease, transmitted by triatomine bugs?

<p>Trypanosoma cruzi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic used to classify protozoa according to the text?

<p>Motility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum does Giardia belong to as mentioned in the text?

<p>Metamonada (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protozoan parasite is known to cause the disease 'blackhead' in poultry?

<p>Histomonas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of Kinetoplastids like Trypanosoma as mentioned in the text?

<p>Presence of kinetoplast (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to a eukaryotic organism that has cells with nuclei but is not an animal, plant, or fungus?

<p>Protist (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum includes organisms known for their locomotion by cilia, as discussed in the text?

<p>Ciliophora (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Entamoeba' belongs to which group of protozoa as per the text?

<p>'Amoebozoa' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Neospora' is categorized under which phylum according to the text?

<p>'Apicomplexa' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Balantidium' is a representative of which group of protozoa discussed in the text?

<p>'Ciliophora' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of protozoa includes members classified based on their motility?

<p>Euglenozoa- Kinetoplastea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Amoebozoa protists?

<p>Ability to form pseudopods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of organisms exhibit amitochondriate flagellates and amoeboflagellates?

<p>Euglenozoa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of locomotion for organisms in Phylum Ciliophora?

<p>Movement by cilia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Balantidium' belongs to which order of flagellated protists?

<p>Kinetoplastorida (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protozoan group predominantly exhibits amoeboid movement by pseudopodia?

<p>'Entamoeba' group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of protozoa is characterized by their locomotion using pseudopods?

<p>Amoebozoa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum of protozoa exhibits unique motility through an anterior flagellum and a posterior flagellum, often referred to as 'euglenoid movement'?

<p>Euglenozoa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following phyla of protozoa is primarily characterized by their use of cilia for movement?

<p>Phylum Ciliophora (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protozoan parasite is a representative of the phylum Ciliophora and is known for causing a disease called balantidiasis in humans?

<p>Toxoplasma gondii (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genus of protozoa belongs to the phylum Amoebozoa and includes species like Entamoeba histolytica, a pathogenic parasite that causes amoebiasis in humans?

<p>Naegleria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of Amoebozoa mentioned in the text?

<p>Asexual reproduction through binary fission (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum includes organisms like Trypanosoma cruzi that cause Chagas disease?

<p>Phylum Kinetoplastida (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of Euglenozoa (Excavates) as discussed in the text?

<p>A genus of kinetoplastids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protozoan genus is specifically mentioned for causing histomoniasis in poultry?

<p>Histomonas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of parasitic protozoans, which organism belongs to Phylum Ciliophora?

<p>Balantidium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of reproduction for Balantidium coli, a ciliate parasite?

<p>Conjugation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following protozoans is known to cause dysentery in humans?

<p>Amoeba proteus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of protozoa, what is a common feature of organisms classified under the phylum Ciliophora?

<p>Presence of cilia for movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following protozoans is commonly found as a commensal in the human intestine?

<p>Balantidium coli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes amoebae of the genus Entamoeba from other amoeboid protozoans in terms of pathogenicity?

<p>Ability to form cysts for survival in harsh conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is common in protozoa for absorbing nutrients through their cell membranes?

<p>Cytostome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which prefix is added to the term 'zoite' to denote a form which feeds and grows?

<p>Tropho- (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protozoan form is characterized by rapid division?

<p>Tachyzoite (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Bradyzoites primarily do in terms of division?

<p>Divide slowly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protozoan form can also be infective when two hosts are involved?

<p>Merozoite (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following protozoan parasites is known to cause balantidiasis in humans and other mammals?

<p>Balantidium coli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protozoan phylum is characterized by locomotion using cilia?

<p>Ciliophora (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for the protozoan parasite Balantidium coli?

<p>Contaminated water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following protozoan groups includes the genus Entamoeba, known for causing amoebic dysentery?

<p>Amoebozoa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the protozoan group Euglenozoa?

<p>They are flagellated protists, including the genus Trypanosoma. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of the Amoebozoa protists?

<p>They exhibit amoeboid movement by pseudopodia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Entamoeba, a genus of amoeboid protists, is classified under which group?

<p>Amoebozoa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of the Euglenozoa group, also known as Excavates?

<p>They have a kinetoplast structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Balantidium, a genus of ciliated protists, is classified under which phylum?

<p>Ciliophora (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the phylum Ciliophora is correct?

<p>They use cilia for locomotion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following protist groups is known for its diverse modes of locomotion, including pseudopodia, flagella, and gliding movements?

<p>Euglenozoa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following protist groups includes members that are known to form cysts in the environment or in a host?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following protist groups includes members that are known to be part of the normal microbiota and do not cause disease?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following protist groups includes members that exhibit asexual reproduction through processes like binary fission, budding, and schizogony/multiple fission?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following protist groups includes members that are known to be host-specific or have a broad spectrum of hosts, including zoonotic potential?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of the Amoebozoa, as mentioned in the text?

<p>Locomotion by pseudopods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of Euglenozoa (Excavates) as discussed in the text?

<p>Amitochondriate flagellates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum includes organisms known for their locomotion by cilia, as discussed in the text?

<p>Ciliophora (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genus of protozoa belongs to the phylum Amoebozoa and includes species like Entamoeba histolytica, a pathogenic parasite that causes amoebiasis in humans?

<p>Entamoeba (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of locomotion for the flagellated protist Balantidium, which is classified under the phylum Ciliophora?

<p>Cilia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protozoan genus is known to cause a parasitic disease in humans, pigs, and other mammals called balantidiasis?

<p>Entamoeba (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of locomotion for organisms classified under Phylum Ciliophora?

<p>Cilia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum of protozoa includes organisms known for their motility through an anterior and posterior flagellum, often referred to as 'euglenoid movement'?

<p>Euglenozoa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Balantidium coli, a parasitic ciliate, is known to cause which disease in humans and pigs?

<p>Balantidiasis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genus of amoeboid protists is known to include species causing diseases in humans such as amoebic dysentery?

<p>Entamoeba (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum is characterized by the presence of pseudopods for locomotion and feeding?

<p>Amoebozoa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following protist groups exhibits a unique form of locomotion called 'euglenoid movement'?

<p>Euglenozoa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Balantidium coli, a ciliate parasite, is known to cause which disease in humans and other mammals?

<p>Balantidiasis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following genera belongs to the phylum Amoebozoa and includes the pathogenic species Entamoeba histolytica?

<p>Entamoeba (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum of protozoa is characterized by the presence of cilia for locomotion?

<p>Ciliophora (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the Amoebozoa?

<p>They exhibit amoeboid movement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following protozoans is classified under the phylum Euglenozoa (Excavates)?

<p>Trypanosoma brucei (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the phylum Ciliophora (ciliates) is correct?

<p>They use cilia for locomotion and feeding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following protozoans is known to cause balantidiasis, a disease of the gastrointestinal tract?

<p>Balantidium coli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following protozoans is a causative agent of amoebic dysentery?

<p>Entamoeba histolytica (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the Amoebozoa group?

<p>Locomotion by means of pseudopodia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following protist groups includes the genus Entamoeba, known for causing amoebic dysentery?

<p>Amoebozoa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of the Euglenozoa group, also known as Excavates?

<p>Possession of a kinetoplast structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following protozoan groups is known for its locomotion by cilia?

<p>Ciliophora (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a ciliated protozoan parasite that can cause balantidiasis in humans and other mammals?

<p>Balantidium coli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the Amoebozoa group?

<p>Locomotion by means of pseudopods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of the Euglenozoa (Excavates) group?

<p>Possession of a kinetoplast (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum includes organisms known for their locomotion by cilia?

<p>Ciliophora (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following protozoan groups does Balantidium belong to?

<p>Ciliophora (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of protozoa does the genus Entamoeba, known for causing amoebic dysentery, belong to?

<p>Amoebozoa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protozoan phylum is characterized by locomotion using cilia?

<p>Ciliophora (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following protozoans is commonly found as a commensal in the human intestine?

<p>Entamoeba histolytica (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of reproduction for Balantidium coli, a ciliate parasite?

<p>Binary fission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the Kinetoplastida order of flagellated protists?

<p>Presence of a kinetoplast (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a parasitic symbiotic relationship?

<p>Cryptobia in the stomach of lumpfish (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protozoan group predominantly exhibits amoeboid movement by pseudopodia?

<p>Amoebozoa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of commensalism involving a protozoan?

<p>Entamoeba in the human intestine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protozoan parasite is a representative of the phylum Ciliophora and is known for causing a disease called balantidiasis in humans?

<p>Balantidium coli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following protist groups includes members that are known to be part of the normal microbiota and do not cause disease?

<p>Ciliophora (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum does Giardia belong to as mentioned in the text?

<p>The text does not mention the phylum of Giardia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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