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Questions and Answers
Which arthropod is known to transmit Trypanosoma cruzi?
Which arthropod is known to transmit Trypanosoma cruzi?
- Mosquito
- Triatoma bug (correct)
- Cockroach
- Sandfly
What characteristic distinguishes mechanical vectors from biological vectors?
What characteristic distinguishes mechanical vectors from biological vectors?
- They exclusively transmit viruses.
- They multiply pathogens inside their bodies.
- They serve merely as contaminators. (correct)
- They do not carry pathogens at all.
Which animal is directly associated with Toxoplasma infection?
Which animal is directly associated with Toxoplasma infection?
- Cockroaches
- Cats (correct)
- House rats
- Dogs
How does the transmission of Hymenolepis nana occur?
How does the transmission of Hymenolepis nana occur?
Which of the following vectors is known for transmitting malaria?
Which of the following vectors is known for transmitting malaria?
Which statement correctly describes the role of intermediate hosts in parasitic transmission?
Which statement correctly describes the role of intermediate hosts in parasitic transmission?
What type of organism are sandflies primarily associated with?
What type of organism are sandflies primarily associated with?
What is the primary focus of parasitology?
What is the primary focus of parasitology?
What is a common way that the immediate environment can facilitate the transmission of parasites?
What is a common way that the immediate environment can facilitate the transmission of parasites?
Which term describes a relationship where both organisms benefit?
Which term describes a relationship where both organisms benefit?
Which of the following describes commensalism?
Which of the following describes commensalism?
What characterizes protozoans?
What characterizes protozoans?
Which of the following statements about helminthology is true?
Which of the following statements about helminthology is true?
What does parasitism entail?
What does parasitism entail?
In the context of termites and flagellates, what role do flagellates play?
In the context of termites and flagellates, what role do flagellates play?
What is the relationship between Entamoeba coli and the host?
What is the relationship between Entamoeba coli and the host?
What is the primary function of pseudopodia in protozoans?
What is the primary function of pseudopodia in protozoans?
Which of the following best describes trophozoites?
Which of the following best describes trophozoites?
What type of environment do most protozoans require for their survival?
What type of environment do most protozoans require for their survival?
Which structure is NOT typically associated with locomotion in protozoans?
Which structure is NOT typically associated with locomotion in protozoans?
What role does the plasma membrane play in protozoans?
What role does the plasma membrane play in protozoans?
What is the term for the infective stage formed by protozoans that can withstand environmental changes?
What is the term for the infective stage formed by protozoans that can withstand environmental changes?
Which of the following statements about protozoan locomotion is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about protozoan locomotion is incorrect?
Which locomotion structure is characterized as having a finger-like appearance?
Which locomotion structure is characterized as having a finger-like appearance?
What does selective treatment aim to do?
What does selective treatment aim to do?
Which of the following defines egg reduction rate?
Which of the following defines egg reduction rate?
Hypersensitisation to anaphylactic shock is associated with what type of substance?
Hypersensitisation to anaphylactic shock is associated with what type of substance?
What is the usual method to express the cure rate from deworming?
What is the usual method to express the cure rate from deworming?
What does deprivation of the host's essential nutrients refer to in parasitic infections?
What does deprivation of the host's essential nutrients refer to in parasitic infections?
What is the significance of the examination of stool or urine samples in deworming?
What is the significance of the examination of stool or urine samples in deworming?
Which statement about individual-level deworming is true?
Which statement about individual-level deworming is true?
What typically happens after deworming concerning egg counts?
What typically happens after deworming concerning egg counts?
Which type of pus is associated with liquefied necrotic liver tissue?
Which type of pus is associated with liquefied necrotic liver tissue?
What is the term for amoebiasis that involves distant organs through hematogenous spread or lymphatics?
What is the term for amoebiasis that involves distant organs through hematogenous spread or lymphatics?
Which organ is NOT commonly associated with abscess formation in metastatic amoebiasis?
Which organ is NOT commonly associated with abscess formation in metastatic amoebiasis?
What is a key virulence factor produced by microorganisms?
What is a key virulence factor produced by microorganisms?
What type of amoebiasis affects the lungs?
What type of amoebiasis affects the lungs?
Which staining method differentiates Entamoeba spp. from white blood cells?
Which staining method differentiates Entamoeba spp. from white blood cells?
What can severe destruction of brain tissue in amoebic brain infections lead to?
What can severe destruction of brain tissue in amoebic brain infections lead to?
Which of the following is a common complication of amoebiasis?
Which of the following is a common complication of amoebiasis?
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Study Notes
Parasitology
- The study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them
- Is a branch of biology or medicine concerned with the study of parasitic organisms
Types of Symbiosis
- Mutualism: Two organisms mutually benefit from each other.
- Example: Termites and flagellates. Termites provide habitat for flagellates, and flagellates digest wood for termites.
- Commensalism: One organism benefits while the other is neither harmed nor benefitted.
- Example: Entamoeba coli lives in the intestinal lumen without causing harm to the host.
- Parasitism: One organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the host.
- Example: Many parasites, like Trypanosoma cruzi, rely on hosts for survival.
Divisions of Parasitology
- Protozoology: The study of protozoans (single-celled organisms).
- Helminthology: The study of worms (multicellular organisms).
- Medical Entomology: Study of insects and arthropods in the context of parasitic infections.
Vectors of Parasites
- Biological vectors: Host organisms that allow parasites to multiply and develop within their bodies.
- Examples: Mosquitoes (malaria and filarial parasites), Triatoma bugs (Trypanosoma cruzi infection), Sandflies (Leishmania infection).
- Mechanical vectors: Organisms that simply carry parasites without allowing them to multiply or develop.
- Examples: Cockroaches, house flies, fleas, beetles, crabs.
Modes of Transmission
- Soil transmitted: Parasites acquired from contaminated soil.
- Foreign substance transmission: May lead to hypersensitivity reactions.
Clinical Importance of Parasites
- Deprivation of host nutrients: Parasites compete with their host for essential nutrients.
- Tissue damage: Parasites can cause damage to host tissues.
- Immune response: Host immune responses to parasites can cause inflammation and other symptoms.
Protozoa
- Protozoan parasites are unicellular organisms that cause infections.
- Characteristics: Possess a nucleus, cytoplasm, an outer membrane, and specialized organelles.
- Locomotion: Protozoans may move using cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia.
- Life cycle: Protozoans often have both a motile (trophozoite) stage and a resistant (cyst) stage.
Entamoeba histolytica
- Virulence factors: Molecules produced by E. histolytica that contribute to its ability to infect and cause disease.
- Pathogenesis: E. histolytica can cause amoebiasis, which can manifest as dysentery, abscesses in various organs, and potentially fatal infections.
Diagnosing Amoeba
- Microscopy: Microscopic examination of stool samples to identify amoebas.
- Entamoeba spp. stain blue with saline + methylene blue.
- Iodine staining is used to differentiate E. histolytica from other non-pathogenic amoebas.
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