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Questions and Answers
What is the characteristic of the locomotor organelles in Sarcomina?
Which type of protozoa lacks locomotory organelles?
What is the primary function of ectoplasm in Amoeba?
How do protozoa like Trichomonas obtain their nutrition?
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What is the characteristic of the movement in Mastigophora?
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Which protozoan group is characterized by the presence of flagella?
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What is the primary function of contractile vacuoles in freshwater protozoa?
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What is the characteristic feature of movement in the protozoan group, Sarcomina?
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What is the characteristic feature of the protozoan group, Ciliata/Ciliophora?
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Which of the following is a non-motile form of protozoa?
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Which protozoan is responsible for causing malaria?
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What is the function of the cyst stage in the life cycle of protozoa?
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What is the term for a living carrier that transports a pathogenic organism from an infected to a non-infected host?
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What type of parasite must be parasitic in order to survive?
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What is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them?
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What type of parasite lives within another living organism?
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What is an example of a multicellular parasitic organism?
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What is the term for a parasite that can be parasitic, but is also capable of free-living existence?
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Study Notes
Hosts
- Host: an organism in which parasites live and cause harm
- Definitive Host: harbors the adult or sexual stage of the parasites, or the sexual phase of the parasites' life cycle
- Intermediate Host: harbors the larval or asexual stage of the parasites, or the asexual phase of its life cycle
Protozoa
- Characteristics: unicellular, can be free-living or parasitic, have locomotive organelles (e.g. flagella, cilia)
- Sarcodina: eukaryotic, resemble animal cells, contain major cell organelles (nucleus, mitochondria), move by pseudopodia
- Amoeba: Entamoeba histolytica, cytoplasm divided into ectoplasm and endoplasm, ectoplasm helps in movement, feeding, and protection, endoplasm houses nucleus, mitochondria, and food
- Mastigophora (Flagellates): move by flagella, have eyespot to detect light changes, respond to light and learn by trial and error, examples include Giardia (intestinal parasite), Trypanosoma (blood pathogen), and Trichomonas (reproductive tract pathogen)
- Ciliophora (Ciliates): move by cilia, some have special cilia for feeding and attachment, most are harmless, except Balantidium coli which causes dysentery
Locomotion
- Sarcodina: move by pseudopodia
- Mastigophora: move by flagella
- Ciliophora: move by cilia
Sporoza
- Characteristics: nonmotile, developed sexual and asexual stages, entire group is parasitic and harmful
- Examples: Plasmodium (causative agent of Malaria), Toxoplasma (cause Toxoplasmosis)
Reproduction
- Asexual Methods: budding, fission, schizogony
- Sexual Methods: conjugation, gametogony
Life Stages of Protozoa
- Cyst: latent survival form
- Trophozoite: active motile stage of protozoan parasite or active pathogenic vegetative state
Normal Flora
- Oral Cavity: normal flora of the oral cavity
- Digestive Tract: normal flora of the digestive tract
- Genitourinary Tract: normal flora of the genitourinary tract, Staphylococcus aureus as an opportunistic pathogen
Parasitology
- Definition: branch of microbiology that deals with the study of the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another
- Parasites: a living organism that acquires some of its basic nutritional requirements through contact with another living organism
- Zoonosis: a parasitic disease in which the animal is normally the host, but which also infects man
- Vector: a living carrier (e.g. arthropod) that transports a pathogenic organism from the infected to non-infected host
- Facultative Parasites: organisms that can be parasitic, but are capable of free-living existence
- Obligate Parasites: organisms that must be parasitic to survive, e.g. Protozoa (Plasmodium)
- Metazoa: multicellular organisms, e.g. helminths (worms), arthropods (ticks, lice)
- Endoparasite: a parasite that lives within another living organism, e.g. malaria, giardia
- Ectoparasite: a parasite that lives on the external surface of another organism, e.g. ticks, lice
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Description
Learn about the different types of hosts, including definitive and intermediate hosts, and the characteristics of protozoa, including their morphology and locomotive features. Understand the differences between sporozoa and sarcodina.
