Parasitology and Nematodes Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of nematodes?

  • They always have a direct life cycle.
  • They are flatworms.
  • They are exclusively arthropods.
  • They can exhibit both direct and indirect life cycles. (correct)

    • What is a common clinical presentation associated with parasitic infections of the urogenital system?

  • Abdominal pain only.
  • Respiratory distress.
  • Fever and rash.
  • Dysuria and hematuria. (correct)

    • What diagnostic method is best for identifying the presence of parasitic infections?

  • Clinical evaluation alone.
  • Both morphological and molecular. (correct)
  • Morphological only.
  • Molecular only.

    • Which of the following protozoan parasites has an indirect life cycle?

    <p>Toxoplasma sp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key concern regarding zoonotic transmission of parasites?

    <p>Dogs are commonly definitive hosts for certain parasites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary transmission method for T.foetus in bovine populations?

    <p>Sexual contact between bulls and cows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of T.foetus reproduction occurs without a cyst stage?

    <p>Trophozoite stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a clinical sign of Bovine Genital Trichomoniasis?

    <p>Pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected duration for clearance of T.foetus infection in cattle?

    <p>20 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do T.foetus trophozoites affect bulls during the infection?

    <p>Have no effect on semen quality or sexual behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method is commonly used to detect T.foetus in bulls?

    <p>Microscopic examination of fresh wet-mounts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do bulls play in the transmission of Bovine Genital Trichomoniasis?

    <p>They persistently harbor the infection without causing damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What economic impact does Bovine Genital Trichomoniasis have on cattle farming?

    <p>Infertility and abortions leading to financial losses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it indicate if a mother-to-be is T.gondii seronegative?

    <p>The mother has not been previously exposed to T.gondii.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What risk is associated with a seropositive mother during pregnancy?

    <p>Low risk of congenital toxoplasmosis if exposed again.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommendation for pregnant women regarding cat feces?

    <p>Avoid contact with cat feces entirely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about Tritrichomonas foetus is incorrect?

    <p>It can exist in both trophozoite and cyst forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of seropositive individuals for T.gondii?

    <p>They possess protective antibodies against T.gondii.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key risk factor for outdoor cats regarding T.gondii?

    <p>Age of the cat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about zoonosis is true?

    <p>Zoonosis can involve transmission from animals to humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of a seronegative mother being exposed to T.gondii for the first time during pregnancy?

    <p>Risk of congenital toxoplasmosis is heightened.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors increases the risk of bovine genital trichomoniasis?

    <p>Herds with 500 or more cows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action regarding bulls that test positive for bovine genital trichomoniasis?

    <p>Cull all positive bulls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is NOT part of the control measures for bovine genital trichomoniasis?

    <p>Regular vaccination of all bulls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic sample is used for detecting bovine genital trichomoniasis?

    <p>Preputal washings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the life cycle of Dioctophyme renale?

    <p>Its eggs are passed through the urine and infect water-dwelling hosts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism has an indirect life cycle and can cause issues in canids?

    <p>Neospora caninum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Acanthocephalans?

    <p>Helminthic parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of protozoa has a systemic infection and is not zoonotic?

    <p>Neospora caninum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following parasites directly reproduce asexually?

    <p>Flagellates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these helminth parasites has an indirect life cycle with renal implications?

    <p>Stephanurus spp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vector listed is not considered an arthropod?

    <p>Coccidians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of life cycle does Entreated species like Tritrichomonas foetus portray?

    <p>Direct life cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of systemic apicomplexa?

    <p>Hemoflagellates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily indicated as a risk factor for neosporosis in cattle?

    <p>Presence of dogs on farm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal is the definitive host for Toxoplasma gondii?

    <p>Felids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect can congenital toxoplasmosis have on a fetus?

    <p>Intellectual disability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which non-felid animal is systemic toxoplasmosis most prevalent and concerning for human infections?

    <p>Swine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What practice can help in controlling the spread of neosporosis?

    <p>Spaying female dogs with infected litters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animals is least likely to develop clinical disease from Toxoplasma gondii?

    <p>Cattle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant sign of systemic toxoplasmosis in swine?

    <p>Fever and respiratory signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Toxoplasma gondii primarily transmitted from mother to fetus?

    <p>Transplacental transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Parasitic Diseases of the Urogenital System

    • This presentation covers parasitic diseases affecting the urogenital system.
    • Learning objectives include familiarizing with major parasites, understanding their life cycles, and describing pathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnostics, and management strategies.
    • Key aspects for each parasite include taxonomy (protozoan or nematode), life cycle features (direct or indirect), infective stage location in the host, clinical presentation, severity, zoonotic concerns, and methods of diagnosis and management (morphological vs. molecular, treatment, and prevention).
    • Parasites are classified into Helminths, Protozoa, and Arthropods, further subcategorized into Flatworms (Cestodes, Trematodes), Roundworms (Nematodes), Insects (Flies, Fleas, Lice), and Arachnids (Ticks, Mites).
    • Urinary tract nematodes, specifically Dioctophyma renale, Capillaria plica, and Pearsonema plica (Capillaria feliscati) are discussed.
    • Protozoan parasites include Apicomplexa (e.g., Neospora sp., Toxoplasma sp) and Flagellates (e.g., Tritrichomonas foetus).
    • Helminths includes nematodes (Dioctophyme renale, Stephanurus spp.).

    Protozoan Parasites

    • Apicomplexa are characterized by an indirect life cycle (asexual stage in an intermediate host, sexual stage in a definitive host).
    • Neospora sp. and Toxoplasma sp. are examples of Apicomplexa.
    • Flagellates have a direct life cycle, with asexual reproduction as the sole method.
    • Tritrichomonas foetus is an example of a Flagellate.

    Helminth Parasites

    • Nematodes such as Dioctophyme renale and Stephanurus spp. have indirect life cycles.
    • Dioctophyme renale is a parasitic nematode affecting the kidneys.

    Neospora caninum

    • Tissue-cyst-forming coccidians.
    • Worldwide distribution
    • Indirect life cycle; definitive host is canine, intermediate host is multiple mammals (cattle).
    • Not zoonotic.
    • Clinical manifestation in cattle include abortion (2nd-3rd trimester) which is usually associated with the first pregnancy post-infection.
    • Seropositive calves can eventually give birth to seropositive calves via sporocyst ingestion

    Toxoplasma gondii

    • Zoonotic, tissue-cyst-forming coccidian.
    • Worldwide distribution
    • Indirect life cycle; definitive host is felids, other mammals can be intermediate hosts.
    • Major cause of abortion in small ruminants, significant morbidity in marsupials, and ocular disease in humans.
    • Congenitally infected kittens can exhibit clinical disease.
    • Zoonotic, meaning it can infect humans.

    Trichomonas foetus

    • Obligate parasite (exists only as a trophozoite).
    • Affects urogenital and gastrointestinal tracts of hosts.
    • Specific host-pathogen interactions for cattle and felids.
    • Bovine genital trichomoniasis and Feline trichomoniasis are diseases, caused by this parasite
    • Affects the genital system, can cause infertility, and abortions
    • Diagnosis involves a preputial wash or scrapings of bulls.
      • Techniques like wet mounts, culture-based kits, and PCR are employed.
    • Control involves strict surveillance of bulls (closed herds), removing bulls that test positive, replacing elderly bulls, and proper hygiene during artificial insemination, using vaccines.
    • A geographic map shows reportable states for T. foetus (Bovine Genital Trichomoniasis) in the US.
    • Epidemiology Factors like bulls over 24 years of age, grazing on public land, mixing herds, and larger herds increase the likelihood of infection.

    Dioctophyme renale

    • Giant kidney worm
    • A sporadic parasite in US pets often seen in wildlife (e.g., minks and wildlife).
    • A direct life cycle
    • Affects renal parenchyma in definitive hosts (i.e., dogs), may cause issues like abdominal cavity findings, kidney damage, and peritonitis, and abnormal urination.

    Stephanurus dentatus

    • Kidney worm of swine
    • Found in warm and tropical regions.
    • Now much less common
    • Large, stout nematodes (2-4 cm long)
    • Symptomatic as failure to gain weight

    Zoonosis

    • Information on zoonotic characteristics is included for various parasites (e.g., Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum).
    • Veterinary advice for pregnant cat owners includes testing for antibodies to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis.

    Other topics include:

    • Diagnostic methods for various parasitic diseases.
    • Treatment options for affected animals.
    • Differential diagnosis to distinguish from other possible causes of abortion in cattle.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on nematodes and parasitic infections with this quiz. Questions cover characteristics of nematodes, clinical presentations, diagnostic methods, and zoonotic transmission. Ideal for students of parasitology or related fields.

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