Parasitology and Nematodes Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of nematodes?

  • They always have a direct life cycle.
  • They are flatworms.
  • They are exclusively arthropods.
  • They can exhibit both direct and indirect life cycles. (correct)

What is a common clinical presentation associated with parasitic infections of the urogenital system?

  • Abdominal pain only.
  • Respiratory distress.
  • Fever and rash.
  • Dysuria and hematuria. (correct)

What diagnostic method is best for identifying the presence of parasitic infections?

  • Clinical evaluation alone.
  • Both morphological and molecular. (correct)
  • Morphological only.
  • Molecular only.

Which of the following protozoan parasites has an indirect life cycle?

<p>Toxoplasma sp. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key concern regarding zoonotic transmission of parasites?

<p>Dogs are commonly definitive hosts for certain parasites. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary transmission method for T.foetus in bovine populations?

<p>Sexual contact between bulls and cows (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of T.foetus reproduction occurs without a cyst stage?

<p>Trophozoite stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a clinical sign of Bovine Genital Trichomoniasis?

<p>Pneumonia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected duration for clearance of T.foetus infection in cattle?

<p>20 weeks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do T.foetus trophozoites affect bulls during the infection?

<p>Have no effect on semen quality or sexual behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic method is commonly used to detect T.foetus in bulls?

<p>Microscopic examination of fresh wet-mounts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do bulls play in the transmission of Bovine Genital Trichomoniasis?

<p>They persistently harbor the infection without causing damage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What economic impact does Bovine Genital Trichomoniasis have on cattle farming?

<p>Infertility and abortions leading to financial losses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it indicate if a mother-to-be is T.gondii seronegative?

<p>The mother has not been previously exposed to T.gondii. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What risk is associated with a seropositive mother during pregnancy?

<p>Low risk of congenital toxoplasmosis if exposed again. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommendation for pregnant women regarding cat feces?

<p>Avoid contact with cat feces entirely. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about Tritrichomonas foetus is incorrect?

<p>It can exist in both trophozoite and cyst forms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of seropositive individuals for T.gondii?

<p>They possess protective antibodies against T.gondii. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key risk factor for outdoor cats regarding T.gondii?

<p>Age of the cat. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about zoonosis is true?

<p>Zoonosis can involve transmission from animals to humans. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of a seronegative mother being exposed to T.gondii for the first time during pregnancy?

<p>Risk of congenital toxoplasmosis is heightened. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors increases the risk of bovine genital trichomoniasis?

<p>Herds with 500 or more cows (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action regarding bulls that test positive for bovine genital trichomoniasis?

<p>Cull all positive bulls (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is NOT part of the control measures for bovine genital trichomoniasis?

<p>Regular vaccination of all bulls (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic sample is used for detecting bovine genital trichomoniasis?

<p>Preputal washings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the life cycle of Dioctophyme renale?

<p>Its eggs are passed through the urine and infect water-dwelling hosts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism has an indirect life cycle and can cause issues in canids?

<p>Neospora caninum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Acanthocephalans?

<p>Helminthic parasites (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of protozoa has a systemic infection and is not zoonotic?

<p>Neospora caninum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following parasites directly reproduce asexually?

<p>Flagellates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these helminth parasites has an indirect life cycle with renal implications?

<p>Stephanurus spp. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vector listed is not considered an arthropod?

<p>Coccidians (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of life cycle does Entreated species like Tritrichomonas foetus portray?

<p>Direct life cycle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of systemic apicomplexa?

<p>Hemoflagellates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily indicated as a risk factor for neosporosis in cattle?

<p>Presence of dogs on farm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which animal is the definitive host for Toxoplasma gondii?

<p>Felids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect can congenital toxoplasmosis have on a fetus?

<p>Intellectual disability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which non-felid animal is systemic toxoplasmosis most prevalent and concerning for human infections?

<p>Swine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What practice can help in controlling the spread of neosporosis?

<p>Spaying female dogs with infected litters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following animals is least likely to develop clinical disease from Toxoplasma gondii?

<p>Cattle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant sign of systemic toxoplasmosis in swine?

<p>Fever and respiratory signs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is Toxoplasma gondii primarily transmitted from mother to fetus?

<p>Transplacental transmission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Urogenital Parasites

Parasites that infect the urinary and reproductive systems of animals, including humans.

Infective Stage

The stage of a parasite that can enter a host and cause infection.

Direct Life Cycle

A parasite life cycle that only requires one host.

Indirect Life Cycle

A parasite life cycle involving multiple hosts, often with an intermediate host for asexual reproduction and a final host for sexual reproduction.

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Zoonotic Concern

The potential for a parasite to be transmitted from animals to humans.

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Nematodes

Roundworms, a type of parasitic helminth that can infect various animals, including humans. They have a long cylindrical body and are often found in the intestines.

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Protozoa

Single-celled eukaryotic organisms that can be parasitic and cause various diseases. They are classified into different groups based on their locomotion and other characteristics.

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Apicomplexa

A group of parasitic protozoa that infect various animals, including humans. They are characterized by a unique apical complex structure that helps them penetrate host cells.

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Toxoplasma gondii

A common parasitic protozoan belonging to the Apicomplexa group that infects a wide range of animals, including humans. It can cause toxoplasmosis, a disease that often has mild symptoms in healthy individuals.

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Neospora caninum

A parasitic protozoan belonging to the Apicomplexa group that is primarily known for infecting cattle and causing abortion. It also infects other animals, but not humans.

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Tissue-cyst Forming

A stage in the life cycle of some parasitic protozoa where they form cysts within the tissues of their host. These cysts can be dormant for extended periods and serve as a means of transmission.

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Congenital and Transgenerational

Describes the transmission of a parasite from a mother to her offspring, either through the placenta or other routes. This can occur before birth (congenital) or after birth (transgenerational) through various means.

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Bovine Genital Trichomoniasis

A sexually transmitted disease in cattle caused by the parasite Tritrichomonas foetus. It can cause abortion, infertility, and reduced milk production.

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Reportable Disease

A disease that must be reported to authorities, typically state or federal agencies, because it poses a significant threat to public health or animal health.

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Transmission of T. foetus

The parasite T. foetus is spread primarily through direct contact with infected animals, particularly bulls. It can also be transmitted through contaminated semen, but freezing semen can reduce the risk.

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Control Measures for T. foetus

Prevention is key for controlling T. foetus. This includes culling infected bulls, practicing strict biosecurity measures like isolation and hygiene, and using artificial insemination with frozen semen.

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Giant Kidney Worm - Dioctophyme renale

A parasitic worm that infects the kidneys of mammals, primarily wildlife but occasionally pets. Infections usually occur through ingestion of an intermediate host, typically an aquatic annelid worm.

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Paratenic Host

An animal that harbors a parasite but does not support its sexual reproduction. The parasite remains in a dormant stage within the paratenic host, but can be transmitted to other hosts.

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Systemic Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis affecting multiple organs and systems of the body.

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Congenital Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis acquired during fetal development, usually from the mother.

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Transplacental Transmission

The passage of a parasite or other infectious agent from a pregnant mother to her fetus across the placenta.

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Toxovac S48

A live vaccine for sheep and goats to protect against toxoplasmosis.

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Oocysts

A resistant stage of the Toxoplasma gondii parasite, found in the feces of infected cats.

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T. foetus

A protozoan parasite responsible for bovine genital trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted disease in cattle that causes infertility, abortions, and economic losses.

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Trophozoite

The active, motile stage of T. foetus responsible for causing infection and transmitting the disease.

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Pyometra

A condition in cows where pus accumulates in the uterus, often a complication of bovine genital trichomoniasis, leading to infertility.

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Reservoir

In the context of T. foetus, bulls act as reservoirs of the parasite, carrying the infection without showing symptoms and persistently transmitting it to cows.

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Preputial Wash

A diagnostic sample collected from the prepuce of bulls to detect the presence of T. foetus by microscopic examination or culture.

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Culture Kits

A laboratory method used to detect T. foetus in samples from cattle, particularly bulls, by cultivating the parasite in a specific medium.

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Toxoplasmosis Risk: Seropositive Mother

A mother with antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) has likely been exposed to the parasite before. These antibodies are protective, meaning the risk of congenital toxoplasmosis (infection passed to baby during pregnancy) is low if she's exposed again.

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Toxoplasmosis Risk: SeroNEGATIVE Mother

A mother without antibodies against T. gondii means she's never been exposed. If she gets infected during pregnancy for the first time, the risk of her baby getting infected is high.

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T. gondii Transmission Route

The main way a pregnant woman gets T. gondii is through eating undercooked meat (especially pork or lamb) or handling contaminated soil/cat feces.

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Tritrichomonas foetus

A flagellated protozoan parasite that affects the reproductive tract of cattle and the gastrointestinal tract of cats. The parasite can cause abortion in cows, but it lives mainly as a commensal in cats.

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T. foetus vs. T. blagburni: The Debate

These protozoa are very similar genetically, differing by only about 1%. Some scientists believe they are the same organism, with strains adapted to different hosts (e.g., T. foetus-bovine & T. blagburni-feline)

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T. blagburni's Impact on Cats

While T. foetus infects cattle and causes reproductive issues, T. blagburni primarily affects the gastrointestinal (digestive) system of cats, potentially causing diarrhea and inflammation.

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Study Notes

Parasitic Diseases of the Urogenital System

  • This presentation covers parasitic diseases affecting the urogenital system.
  • Learning objectives include familiarizing with major parasites, understanding their life cycles, and describing pathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnostics, and management strategies.
  • Key aspects for each parasite include taxonomy (protozoan or nematode), life cycle features (direct or indirect), infective stage location in the host, clinical presentation, severity, zoonotic concerns, and methods of diagnosis and management (morphological vs. molecular, treatment, and prevention).
  • Parasites are classified into Helminths, Protozoa, and Arthropods, further subcategorized into Flatworms (Cestodes, Trematodes), Roundworms (Nematodes), Insects (Flies, Fleas, Lice), and Arachnids (Ticks, Mites).
  • Urinary tract nematodes, specifically Dioctophyma renale, Capillaria plica, and Pearsonema plica (Capillaria feliscati) are discussed.
  • Protozoan parasites include Apicomplexa (e.g., Neospora sp., Toxoplasma sp) and Flagellates (e.g., Tritrichomonas foetus).
  • Helminths includes nematodes (Dioctophyme renale, Stephanurus spp.).

Protozoan Parasites

  • Apicomplexa are characterized by an indirect life cycle (asexual stage in an intermediate host, sexual stage in a definitive host).
  • Neospora sp. and Toxoplasma sp. are examples of Apicomplexa.
  • Flagellates have a direct life cycle, with asexual reproduction as the sole method.
  • Tritrichomonas foetus is an example of a Flagellate.

Helminth Parasites

  • Nematodes such as Dioctophyme renale and Stephanurus spp. have indirect life cycles.
  • Dioctophyme renale is a parasitic nematode affecting the kidneys.

Neospora caninum

  • Tissue-cyst-forming coccidians.
  • Worldwide distribution
  • Indirect life cycle; definitive host is canine, intermediate host is multiple mammals (cattle).
  • Not zoonotic.
  • Clinical manifestation in cattle include abortion (2nd-3rd trimester) which is usually associated with the first pregnancy post-infection.
  • Seropositive calves can eventually give birth to seropositive calves via sporocyst ingestion

Toxoplasma gondii

  • Zoonotic, tissue-cyst-forming coccidian.
  • Worldwide distribution
  • Indirect life cycle; definitive host is felids, other mammals can be intermediate hosts.
  • Major cause of abortion in small ruminants, significant morbidity in marsupials, and ocular disease in humans.
  • Congenitally infected kittens can exhibit clinical disease.
  • Zoonotic, meaning it can infect humans.

Trichomonas foetus

  • Obligate parasite (exists only as a trophozoite).
  • Affects urogenital and gastrointestinal tracts of hosts.
  • Specific host-pathogen interactions for cattle and felids.
  • Bovine genital trichomoniasis and Feline trichomoniasis are diseases, caused by this parasite
  • Affects the genital system, can cause infertility, and abortions
  • Diagnosis involves a preputial wash or scrapings of bulls.
    • Techniques like wet mounts, culture-based kits, and PCR are employed.
  • Control involves strict surveillance of bulls (closed herds), removing bulls that test positive, replacing elderly bulls, and proper hygiene during artificial insemination, using vaccines.
  • A geographic map shows reportable states for T. foetus (Bovine Genital Trichomoniasis) in the US.
  • Epidemiology Factors like bulls over 24 years of age, grazing on public land, mixing herds, and larger herds increase the likelihood of infection.

Dioctophyme renale

  • Giant kidney worm
  • A sporadic parasite in US pets often seen in wildlife (e.g., minks and wildlife).
  • A direct life cycle
  • Affects renal parenchyma in definitive hosts (i.e., dogs), may cause issues like abdominal cavity findings, kidney damage, and peritonitis, and abnormal urination.

Stephanurus dentatus

  • Kidney worm of swine
  • Found in warm and tropical regions.
  • Now much less common
  • Large, stout nematodes (2-4 cm long)
  • Symptomatic as failure to gain weight

Zoonosis

  • Information on zoonotic characteristics is included for various parasites (e.g., Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum).
  • Veterinary advice for pregnant cat owners includes testing for antibodies to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis.

Other topics include:

  • Diagnostic methods for various parasitic diseases.
  • Treatment options for affected animals.
  • Differential diagnosis to distinguish from other possible causes of abortion in cattle.

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Test your knowledge on nematodes and parasitic infections with this quiz. Questions cover characteristics of nematodes, clinical presentations, diagnostic methods, and zoonotic transmission. Ideal for students of parasitology or related fields.

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