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Questions and Answers
Which staining method is most frequently used for detecting parasites in blood?
Which staining method is most frequently used for detecting parasites in blood?
What is a common clinical sign associated with parasitic infections?
What is a common clinical sign associated with parasitic infections?
Which of the following parasites can be detected in peripheral blood?
Which of the following parasites can be detected in peripheral blood?
What sample is required for the quantitative microfilariae count?
What sample is required for the quantitative microfilariae count?
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Which technique is NOT recommended for fecal examination?
Which technique is NOT recommended for fecal examination?
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What is the role of the Modified Knott’s test?
What is the role of the Modified Knott’s test?
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Which of the following parasites is transmitted via ticks?
Which of the following parasites is transmitted via ticks?
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Which clinical sign indicates a parasitic infection in a patient?
Which clinical sign indicates a parasitic infection in a patient?
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What are the two main categories of parasitology diagnostics?
What are the two main categories of parasitology diagnostics?
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Which of the following is an example of a test that is based on visual morphological identification?
Which of the following is an example of a test that is based on visual morphological identification?
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What is considered a good sample handling practice for parasitological samples?
What is considered a good sample handling practice for parasitological samples?
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What is the advantage of using fresh samples in parasitology diagnostics?
What is the advantage of using fresh samples in parasitology diagnostics?
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What is the primary purpose of using quantitative tests in parasitology?
What is the primary purpose of using quantitative tests in parasitology?
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Which of the following should be considered when collecting parasitological samples to minimize contamination risks?
Which of the following should be considered when collecting parasitological samples to minimize contamination risks?
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Which factor is critical for the success of parasitological diagnostic tests?
Which factor is critical for the success of parasitological diagnostic tests?
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When might it be necessary to send samples out to a diagnostic laboratory?
When might it be necessary to send samples out to a diagnostic laboratory?
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What is the primary purpose of a direct fecal mount?
What is the primary purpose of a direct fecal mount?
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What is the significance of centrifugation in the flotation procedure?
What is the significance of centrifugation in the flotation procedure?
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Which of the following is a limitation of passive flotation techniques?
Which of the following is a limitation of passive flotation techniques?
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Which specific gravity range is appropriate for a sugar solution used in the flotation of eunipworms?
Which specific gravity range is appropriate for a sugar solution used in the flotation of eunipworms?
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What types of eggs are primarily recovered using sedimentation techniques?
What types of eggs are primarily recovered using sedimentation techniques?
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Which of the following methods is least effective for recovering all types of eggs from fecal samples?
Which of the following methods is least effective for recovering all types of eggs from fecal samples?
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Which organism's eggs are specifically mentioned as being recovered using sedimentation techniques?
Which organism's eggs are specifically mentioned as being recovered using sedimentation techniques?
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What challenge is associated with flotation methods in terms of egg recovery?
What challenge is associated with flotation methods in terms of egg recovery?
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What is the primary purpose of the Baermann technique?
What is the primary purpose of the Baermann technique?
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Which of the following is NOT a reason for quantifying fecal diagnostics?
Which of the following is NOT a reason for quantifying fecal diagnostics?
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What is the minimum egg per gram (EPG) detection limit for the 2g/18mL miniFLOTAC method?
What is the minimum egg per gram (EPG) detection limit for the 2g/18mL miniFLOTAC method?
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Which parasitological test is specifically mentioned for recovering ova from urine?
Which parasitological test is specifically mentioned for recovering ova from urine?
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What is a key factor regarding the variability of parasite tolerance among animals in a herd?
What is a key factor regarding the variability of parasite tolerance among animals in a herd?
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Which method can be used for detecting genetic markers of parasites?
Which method can be used for detecting genetic markers of parasites?
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In the context of fecal diagnostics, what does EPG stand for?
In the context of fecal diagnostics, what does EPG stand for?
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Which non-morphological diagnostic method uses blood or feces to identify parasites?
Which non-morphological diagnostic method uses blood or feces to identify parasites?
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Study Notes
Parasitology 3 - Diagnostics
- Students will learn the various techniques used to diagnose parasites.
- Students will determine the appropriate diagnostic test, deciding if it should be performed in-house or sent to a lab.
- Students will understand the crucial role of proper sample handling in diagnostics (collection, submission, and preservation).
- Students will recognize the biohazard potential of parasitological samples.
Useful Sites
- https://parasitology.cvm.ncsu.edu/m_keys/m_keys.html
- https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLOfWDvAF1PP0gBVT4I-NSPzchsTOIZdoK&feature=shared
- https://wcvm.usask.ca/learnaboutparasites/index.php
- Images: https://www.veterinaryparasitology.com/ and https://www.ncvetp.org/parasite-image-database.html
Parasitology Diagnostics Categories
- Tests based on visual (morphological) identification of parasite stages:
- Blood, feces, urine, tissue sections
- Examples: Giemsa staining, McMaster FEC, sedimentation, histopathology
- Tests not based on morphology:
- Examples: Fecal antigen, PCR, serology
Qualitative vs Quantitative Testing
- Qualitative: presence/absence (yes/no), frequently used with small animals
- Quantitative: number of parasites (count eggs and calculate), frequently used with large animals/ruminants
Good Sample Collection Practices
- Fresh samples are ideal.
- If fresh samples are not possible, refrigeration or preservation solutions (e.g., formalin, ethanol) are acceptable.
- Avoid risky collection practices. Take proper precautions to prevent contamination.
- Collect adequate samples (at least 1 gram of feces for flotation) for accurate results.
- Appropriate collection methods (e.g. temperature probe for Giardia, last drop of blood in the syringe for microfilariae) are essential.
- Consider opportunistic collections.
- Consult a parasitologist when in doubt.
Looking for Parasites in Blood
- Identify parasitic protozoa (e.g., Trypanosoma, Babesia).
- Recognize the first-stage larvae (microfilariae) of tissue-dwelling nematodes (e.g., D. immitis).
- Giemsa staining is frequently used.
- Clinical signs (anemia, fever, lethargy) along with a known exposure to ectoparasites are significant indicators.
- Heartworm testing & microfilaria identification are important.
- Modified Knott's test or quantitative microfilariae count are necessary. 1 mL EDTA blood, 2% formalin, methylene blue are required for testing
Looking for Parasites in Feces
- Clinical signs (diarrhea, weight loss, ill-thrift, coughing) suggest parasite presence.
- Multiple testing options are available:
- Direct Mount
- Flotation with Centrifugation
- Sedimentation
- Baermann technique
- McMaster Fecal Egg Count
Direct Fecal Mount
- Used to detect and identify protozoan trophozoites, cysts, and oocysts, and some larvae.
- Use fresh feces with saline and Lugol's solutions.
- Observe for motility.
Flotation with Centrifugation
- Improves efficiency by concentrating the eggs/cysts to the surface.
- A solution of high specific gravity is needed.
- Examine the surface of the fecal suspension microscopically.
Sedimentation & Baermann Technique
- Sedimentation: used to recover trematode eggs (do not float using standard flotation).
- Baermann technique: used to recover live nematode larvae from fresh feces and sample analysis of lung worms, etc.
Quantitative Fecal Diagnostics (McMaster)
- Dilution egg counts offer more accurate results when egg per gram (EPG) counts are high.
- Useful for estimating strongyle infections in ruminants and horses.
- Different protocols, chambers, have varying minimum detection limits.
Why Quantify Fecal Parasites?
- Identify high shedders for contamination risk.
- Enable selective deworming.
- Determine treatment efficacy, particularly in herds where resistance can vary among animals.
Urine Samples / Tests
- Ova are frequently seen in urine sediment.
- Dioctophyme renale (giant kidney worm) identification.
- Similar process for BAL/TTW recovery (ova, larvae)
Non-Morphological Diagnostics
- Antigen: detecting parasite antigens in blood/serum or feces (coproantigen).
- Serology: detecting antibodies produced by host to parasites.
- PCR: detecting genetic markers to identify parasite stages.
Ectoparasite Diagnostics
- Skin Scrape: for small ectoparasites, especially mites.
- Swab & Slide: for mites.
- Skin and Hair Coat Examination: visual inspection.
- Flea Comb: used to find fleas.
- Vacuum: used to collect ectoparasites
Egg/Oocyst Comparison (Canine, Feline, Equine, Ruminant)
- Images display various egg/oocyst sizes and shapes for different species of parasites.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the diagnostic techniques used in parasitology. Students will explore the appropriate tests for diagnosing parasites and understand the importance of sample handling. Additionally, the potential biohazard risks associated with parasitological samples will be discussed.
