30 Questions
How do the infective larvae typically enter the host?
Through ingestion of raw or insufficiently cooked meat
Where do the larvae undergo maturation after burrowing into the sub-epithelium of the villi?
In the muscles
How long does it take for encapsulation to be completed after infection?
4 to 5 weeks
What is the average lifespan of the encysted larva in humans?
5 to 10 years
What may occur in infected muscle cells and the larva in humans after 6 to 12 months?
Calcification of the collagen capsule
Where do the larvae grow and develop into individual cysts after about 3 weeks?
Muscles
What can happen if an entire adult female worm is not completely removed?
Partial worm left at the site leading to toxic reactions
How is the diagnosis of Guinea worm infection typically made?
From the local blister, worm, or larvae
What is the recommended treatment for Guinea worm infection?
Surgical incisions under local anesthesia
How can Toxocariasis be prevented?
Protection of drinking water from contamination with Cyclops and larvae
What is the source of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati, the roundworms causing Toxocariasis?
Dogs and cats
Why can't drugs be used effectively to treat Guinea worm infection?
The drugs do not kill the worms effectively
What is the average size of the adult male worm?
21 by 0.4 mm
What is the characteristic feature of the anterior end of the adult female worm?
Blunt and coils rounded anterior itself at least once
During which stage do the larvae of D.medinensis induce a blister on the skin?
Larval stage
How are individuals infected with D.medinensis?
Through ingestion of water fleas infected with larvae
Where do the larvae penetrate after being released from copepods/Cyclops in the host's body?
Stomach and intestinal wall
What symptoms do individuals experience as the migration of the organism occurs?
Symptoms associated with allergic reactions
Where do the larvae of Toxocara migrate after penetrating the intestinal wall of humans?
Liver
How many eggs per day does a female Toxocara nematode produce?
200,000
Where do the larvae of Toxocara canis develop into adult stage in dogs?
Small intestine
What environmental conditions are needed for non-infective Toxocara eggs to develop into infective embryonated eggs?
High soil humidity
How long can embryonated eggs of Toxocara remain resistant to freezing, moisture, and extreme pH levels?
1 year
How do older female dogs reactivate the encysted stages of Toxocara during pregnancy?
Through circulatory system
What is the definitive diagnosis of toxocariasis based on?
Detection of larvae from biopsy tissues
Which test is commonly used for diagnosing toxocariasis based on the detection of IgG antibodies against the larvae?
Commercial immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA kits
What is the significance of a serum titer of 1:8 in the diagnosis of ocular larva migrans (OLM)?
It is significant for OLM
Which imaging technique can be used to detect and localize granulomatous lesions due to Toxocara larvae?
Computed tomography (CT) scan
What is the main limitation of Western blot in diagnosing toxocariasis?
Unable to differentiate between new and old infections
Why is it important to consider a patient's history of exposure to cats and dogs in the diagnosis of toxocariasis?
It helps in identifying the presence of typical clinical signs of OLM or VLM
Learn about the life cycle of a parasitic infection maintained in a pig-to-pig or pig-to-rat-to-pig cycle. Understand how infective larvae enter the host through ingestion of raw or undercooked meat, and how they develop and burrow into the host's tissues.
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