24 Questions
What is the typical length of roundworms found in the intestines of chickens?
5 to 7 cm (2-3 inches)
How are tapeworms typically transmitted to chickens?
Via the shed of gravid proglotids carrying eggs
What is a common symptom of capillaria infestation in chickens?
Pale egg yolks ('platinum yolks')
What is the primary economic impact of tapeworm infestations in chickens?
Reduced nutrient uptake, affecting economic performance
How can caecal worms contribute to disease in turkeys?
By transmitting blackhead (histomonas)
What is the purpose of strategic deworming in poultry farming?
To prevent egg loading and reduce the risk of parasite transmission
Which anthelmintic is not effective against tapeworms and capillaria?
Piperazine
What is the recommended method for diagnosing capillaria infestations in chickens?
Washing intestinal contents through a fine mesh sieve
What is the characteristic of the liver from farm B in turkeys infected with Leucocytozoon?
yellowish in color with a subcapsular hemorrhagic region
What is the primary mode of transmission of Leucocytozoon parasites in poultry?
Through vectors, specifically Culicoides, which are controlled by clopidol
What is the impact of coccidiosis on the body weight of poultry?
It leads to body weight losses, partly due to suboptimal nutrient absorption in the intestine
What is the characteristic of the spleen from infected turkeys in Leucocytozoonosis?
enlargement and white mottling
What is the purpose of oral Anti-Leucocytozoonosis vaccine based on transgenic plants?
To control Leucocytozoonosis infection in poultry
What is the importance of segregating breeding and brooding flocks in Leucocytozoonosis control?
To prevent adult carriers from transmitting the infection to younger birds
What is the characteristic of the ovarian follicles from infected turkeys in Leucocytozoonosis?
misshapen, atrophied, and congested
What is the impact of Eimeria infection on the small intestine of broiler chickens?
epithelial destruction, leading to suboptimal nutrient absorption
What is the etiological agent of Leucocytozoonosis, and what are the species that affect turkeys and ducks?
The etiological agent of Leucocytozoonosis is Leucocytozoon caulleryi. The species that affect turkeys and ducks are L.smithi and L.simondi, respectively.
What is the primary mode of transmission of Leucocytozoonosis, and what is the most common species of biting midge involved?
The primary mode of transmission of Leucocytozoonosis is through biting midges, specifically the Culicoides spp., with Culicoides arakawae being the most common species involved.
At what age can birds be infected with Leucocytozoonosis, and what are the typical clinical signs of the disease?
Birds can be infected with Leucocytozoonosis as early as 15 days old. The typical clinical signs include inappetance, droopiness, weakness, increased thirst, laboured breathing, and green-coloured faeces.
What is the impact of Leucocytozoonosis on the health and productivity of affected birds, and what are the long-term consequences of recovery?
Leucocytozoonosis can cause severe morbidity and mortality in affected birds, leading to stunted growth and reduced productivity. Recovered birds are often stunted, highlighting the importance of prevention and control measures.
What is the significance of gross lesions in the liver of chicken leucocytozoonosis cases, and what are the potential implications for farm management?
Gross lesions in the liver of chicken leucocytozoonosis cases may indicate fatty liver or fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome, which can have significant implications for farm management, including the need for improved sanitation and biosecurity practices.
How can the transmission of Leucocytozoonosis be prevented or controlled on poultry farms, and what are the key components of an effective disease management strategy?
The transmission of Leucocytozoonosis can be prevented or controlled through vector control, improved sanitation, and biosecurity practices, including reducing the presence of biting midges and implementing effective management strategies.
What is the role of midges in the transmission of Leucocytozoonosis, and how can their presence be minimized on poultry farms?
Midges are the primary vectors of Leucocytozoonosis, and their presence can be minimized on poultry farms through the use of insecticides, reducing moisture, and improving ventilation.
What are the potential consequences of Leucocytozoonosis on poultry farm productivity and profitability, and how can these be mitigated through effective disease management?
Leucocytozoonosis can have significant economic implications for poultry farms, including reduced productivity, increased mortality, and decreased profitability. These consequences can be mitigated through effective disease management strategies, including prevention, control, and monitoring.
Study Notes
Leucocytozoonosis
- A protozoan parasite of avian erythrocytes, first seen by Danilewsky in 1884 in owls.
- Causes acute, often highly fatal disease in young chickens, turkeys, and ducklings, affecting WBC and RBC.
- First reported in Malaysia in 1936 and recognized in 1961.
- Causative agent: Leucocytozoon caulleryi (L. smithi in turkeys and L. simondi in ducks).
- Transmission: through biting midge species Culicoides spp. (Culicoides arakawae).
- Infection can occur in birds as early as 15 days old.
Clinical Signs and Lesions
- Affected birds show inappetance, droopiness, weakness, increased thirst, and labored breathing.
- Green-colored faeces are often observed.
- Recovered birds are usually stunted.
- Gross lesions: fatty liver or fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome, liver lobes covered with blood clots, and lesions in the spleen, ovaries, and kidneys.
Treatment and Control
- Clopidol to control vectors.
- Quinascrine hydrochloride or Sulfamethoxazole to reduce parasitaemia.
- Oral Anti-Leucocytozoonosis vaccine based on transgenic plants.
- Control population of Culicoides while segregating breeding and brooding flocks.
Coccidiosis
- Caused by a protozoa parasite, a complex tiny organism.
- Leads to major problems in poultry, especially in Malaysia, due to rapid killing of large numbers of chicks.
- A great proportion of damage is attributable to body weight losses due to suboptimal nutrient absorption.
- Examples of lesions: epithelia destruction in the small intestine, congestion in the cecum, and damaged intestinal lining.
Gastro-intestinal Parasitism
- Worms living in the intestines of chickens fall into 4 categories: roundworms, hairworms, caecal worms, and tapeworms.
- Transmission: roundworms via worm eggs shed in faeces, tapeworms via shed of gravid proglotids carrying eggs.
- Lesions: mature roundworms cause enteritis, anemia, decreased egg production, and pale egg yolks; capillaria cause more damage to the intestinal lining, enteritis, and anemia.
- Diagnosis: post-mortem examination of intestinal contents.
- Treatment: anthelmintics (e.g., Piperazine, Fenbendazole).
- Control: prevent egg loading by strategic deworming and removing infected litter after each cycle.
This quiz covers various parasitic diseases affecting animals, including Leucocytozoonosis, Coccidiosis, Gapeworms, and Gastro-intestinal and External parasitism. Learn about the causes, symptoms, and effects of these diseases on animal health.
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