Superfamily Filarioidea

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Questions and Answers

What are the four parasites noted in the Superfamily Filarioidea?

Dirofilaria immitis, Acanthocheilonema reconditum, sataria equina, and onchocerca cervicalis

What are the general characteristics of Superfamily Filarioidea?

Indirect life cycle, never in alimentary canal, females birth live microfilaria, microfilaria-L3 are in the intermediate host, L3 to adult in final host

What is the street name for Dirofilaria immitis, and who are its hosts?

Heartworm, hosts are dogs, cats and other mammals

Who is the IH in Dirofilaria immitis?

<p>Mosquitos</p> Signup and view all the answers

What larval stage is in the blood? Where are the adults found?

<p>Microfilaria are in the blood. Adults are noted in the pulmonary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the life cycle of Dirofilaria immitis? And what is the PPP?

<p>Indirect , 6-9 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the LC of Dirofilaria immitis

<p>Microfilaria are in the blood, mosquito bites the animal and ingests the microfilaria. The microfilaria grow to an L3 inside the mosquito, the mosquito then will take a blood meal from another animal and concurrently inoculate the animal with an L3, the L3 will chill in the tissues and grow to an L4 in a few days, L4 migrates through the SQ tissue and fat for 2-3 months. The L5 breaks into venous systems and migrate to pulmonary arteries and chill there for 2-3 months. It will then mature to an adult and releases microfilaria in blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does Wolbachia spp. play in the pathogenesis of heartworm disease?

<p>They may exacerbate the disease process (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pathological changes is associated with Dirofilaria immitis?

<p>Endothelial cell damage and obstruction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the clinical signs of Dirofilaria immitis

<p>They can be asymptomatic, but can experience exercise intolerance and coughing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to false negative results in the antigen test?

<p>Low female worm burden (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic describes the specificity of the antigen test?

<p>It is highly specific with rare false positives. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what situation is the sensitivity of the antigen test compromised?

<p>When the female worm burden is low (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might the antigen test be considered definitive?

<p>It detects a unique glycoprotein in mature female worms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The antigen test needs at least how many adult worms to be a positive test?

<p>3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is known as occult heartworm?

<p>Presence of adult nematodes without mff. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which testing method is recommended alongside the antigen test?

<p>Direct blood smears (Knotts test) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key issue is associated with the antigen test results?

<p>False negative results can occur. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for patients with Dirofilaria immitis?

<p>Control mosquitos, start heartworm prevention at 4-8 weeks, MCL HWP kills L3 and Early L4</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is the “fake news microfilaria”?

<p>Acanthocheilonema reconditum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is the final host and IH of Acanthocheilonema reconditum?

<p>Dogs are final host, IH are fleas, lice, ticks</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you identify Microfilaria in Acanthocheilonema reconditum?

<p>Has a blunt head and a curved tail</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the predilection site and pathogenesis of Acanthocheilonema reconditum?

<p>Adults are in SQ tissue, mff in blood. The pathogenesis is non pathogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

“A chill dude for horses” is describing what parasite?

<p>Setaria equina</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is the final host for Setaria equina, and the IH?

<p>Final host is equids, IH is mosquitos</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the predilection site and pathogenesis of Setaria equina?

<p>Adults are in peritoneal cavity, mff in blood, they are non pathogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Filarioidea parasite names

Dirofilaria immitis, Acanthocheilonema reconditum, Spirocerca lupi, and Onchocerca cervicalis

Filarioidea characteristics

Indirect life cycle, never in alimentary canal, females give birth to live microfilaria, microfilaria-L3 are in the intermediate host, L3 to adult in final host

Dirofilaria immitis common name

Heartworm

Dirofilaria immitis hosts

Dogs, cats and other mammals

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Dirofilaria immitis intermediate host

Mosquitos

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Dirofilaria immitis larval stage in blood

Microfilaria

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Dirofilaria immitis adult location

Pulmonary arteries

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What causes damage in heartworm disease?

Dirofilaria immitis, a type of heartworm, causes damage by destroying the lining of blood vessels (endothelium), leading to blood clots (thrombus formation) and increased resistance in the heart.

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How does heartworm affect the heart?

Heartworm infection increases the resistance the heart has to pump blood, making it work harder. This can lead to heart failure.

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What is post-caval syndrome?

Post-caval syndrome is a condition where a heartworm creates a blockage in the posterior vena cava, a major vein that carries blood back to the heart.

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What are Wolbachia spp.?

Wolbachia spp. are bacteria that live inside heartworms and other filarial nematodes.

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How do Wolbachia spp. contribute to heartworm disease?

Wolbachia spp. may play a role in the development of heartworm disease by contributing to the inflammation and damage caused by the heartworm.

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Antigen Test

A diagnostic test used to detect the presence of a glycoprotein specific to mature female heartworms. It is highly accurate but can have false negatives if the worm burden is low.

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False Negative Result

When a test incorrectly indicates that a heartworm infection is absent, even though it is present. It can occur when the worm burden is low.

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High Sensitivity

A test's ability to correctly identify true positives, meaning it can detect even small amounts of the target substance.

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False Positive Result

When a test incorrectly indicates that a heartworm infection is present, even though it is absent.

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Why are false negatives possible with heartworm tests?

False negative results can occur because the test detects a specific glycoprotein produced only by mature female worms. If the worm burden is low, there might not be enough mature females to produce detectable levels of the glycoprotein.

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Modified Knott's Test

A concentration test used to detect microfilariae in blood. It increases the chances of finding microfilariae by concentrating them in a smaller sample.

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Occult Heartworm

The presence of adult heartworms in the body without detectable microfilariae in the blood.

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Microfilaria

The larval stage of heartworms that circulate in the blood.

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Direct Blood Smear

A simple test where a drop of blood is examined under a microscope to detect microfilariae.

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