Paramyxoviridae

Within the Family: Paramyxoviridae, match the diseases/virus to the species

New castle disease (ZOONOTIC) = Orthoavulavirus Nipah Virus REPORTABLE AND ZOONOTIC = Henipavirus Canine Distemper virus = Morbillivirus Free bee = Free bee

What is a characteristic shape of paramyxovirus virions?

Icosahedral
Pleomorphic – spherical or filamentous (correct)
Rod-shaped
Brick-shaped

What type of genome do Paramyxoviruses have?

Double-stranded DNA
Single-stranded positive-sense RNA
Single-stranded negative-sense RNA (correct)
Double-stranded RNA

The paramyxovirus virions lack a lipid bilayer

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the three membrane proteins of paramyxoviruses?

Fusion protein, attachment protein hemagglutinin and non-glycosylated matrix protein Signup and view all the answers

What are the three nucleocapsid proteins referred to as?

RNP (ribonucleoproteins) Signup and view all the answers

Which two glycoproteins are responsible for attachment and fusion in Paramyxoviruses?

Fusion protein (F) and Attachment protein (HN, H, or G) (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Fusion (F) protein in Paramyxoviruses?

Mediating fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinctive feature of paramyxoviruses that express the H or HN protein?

Hemadsorption and hemagglutination (B) Signup and view all the answers

The spike glycoproteins play an important role in the pathogenesis of paramyxovirus

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) or glycoprotein (G) in Paramyxoviruses?

Attachment to the host cell (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which two glycoproteins can make up the envelope spikes of Paramyxoviridae?

F and G or F and HN or F and H (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why are antibodies directed against Paramyxovirus spike glycoproteins important?

They neutralize the virus and provide protection against infection (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic effect of Paramyxovirus replication in host cells?

Formation of syncytia or lysis of infected cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of inclusion bodies do Morbilliviruses produce?

Acidophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which virus causes Newcastle disease in chickens?

Avian orthoavulavirus 1 (B) Signup and view all the answers

How is Newcastle disease virus (NDV) primarily transmitted?

Direct contact with secretions and inhalation (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recognized pathotype of Newcastle disease virus (NDV)?

Hemorrhagic (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the average incubation period for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in birds?

2-15 days (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which bird species do NOT typically develop severe clinical signs from Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection?

Turkeys (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is most widely distributed worldwide?

Lentogenic (D) Signup and view all the answers

What clinical symptoms are typically seen in birds infected with lentogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV)?

Mild respiratory symptoms like coughing and sneezing (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes mesogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV)?

They may cause acute respiratory disease with neurologic signs. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical mortality rate of mesogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV)?

<10% (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of velogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV)?

Cause severe disease with high mortality, often approaching 100% in unvaccinated birds (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a clinical sign of velogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV)?

High fever with skin rash (C) Signup and view all the answers

What neurological signs may be seen in birds infected with velogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV)?

Tremors and wing/leg paresis (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential long-term consequence for birds that survive serious velogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection?

Neurologic disease and partial or complete cessation of egg production (B) Signup and view all the answers

When collecting samples for laboratory diagnosis of Newcastle disease, which type of birds should be sampled?

Moribund birds or recently dead birds (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where should samples for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) testing be sent?

A reference laboratory such as NVSL or NAHLN (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of samples should be collected from live birds for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) testing?

Tracheal or oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs, blood for serum and serology (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organs/tissues is NOT commonly collected from dead birds for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) diagnosis?

Muscle tissue from legs (C) Signup and view all the answers

How is Newcastle disease virus (NDV) commonly detected using embryonated eggs?

Inoculation of embryonated specific pathogen-free (SPF) eggs followed by testing for hemagglutination (HA) activity (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) in Newcastle disease virus (NDV) testing?

Detects antibodies to all of the virus proteins (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which molecular method is commonly used to validate Newcastle disease virus (NDV) diagnosis?

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is NOT a differential diagnosis for Newcastle disease?

Bovine tuberculosis (C) Signup and view all the answers

How are live Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccines typically administered?

Incorporation in drinking water, coarse spray, intranasal, or conjunctival instillation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of inactivated Newcastle disease vaccines?

They are more expensive than live vaccines and require individual bird injection (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended sanitary prophylaxis measure for Newcastle disease?

Mixing multiple age groups on a farm to promote immunity (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method used to prevent Newcastle disease?

Regular administration of antibiotics (C) Signup and view all the answers

Nipah virus belongs to which genus?

Henipavirus (B) Signup and view all the answers

What was Nipah virus named after?

The region where the first human cases were found (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the main clinical syndromes caused by Nipah virus in humans?

Encephalitis and respiratory illness (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the common names for Nipah virus infection in pigs?

Barking Pig Syndrome (A) Signup and view all the answers

How is Nipah virus primarily transmitted to humans?

Close contact with infected pigs (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reservoir of Nipah virus?

Flying foxes (fruit bats) (C) Signup and view all the answers

How is Nipah virus suspected to be transmitted from bats to pigs?

Through bat urine and partially eaten fruit (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one way Nipah virus can be inactivated?

Heating at 60°C for 60 minutes (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following animals can potentially contract Nipah virus from infected pigs?

Dogs and cats (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical sign in suckling piglets (<1 month old) infected with Nipah virus?

Labored breathing and muscle tremors with limb weakness (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why is Nipah virus referred to as "Barking Pig Syndrome" in young swine (1–6 months old)?

Infected pigs produce a loud, non-productive cough (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated mortality rate in young swine (1–6 months old) infected with Nipah virus?

<5% (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable clinical sign in older pigs (>6 months old) infected with Nipah virus?

Neurologic signs such as myoclonus and spastic paresis (A) Signup and view all the answers

In humans, what is the typical incubation period for Nipah virus infection?

4–20 days (B) Signup and view all the answers

What factor makes Nipah virus particularly dangerous in confined pig populations?

High morbidity rate with respiratory and neurologic signs (B) Signup and view all the answers

Nipah virus is classified as which biosafety level (BSL) agent?

BSL-4 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method for detecting Nipah virus without propagating live infectious virus?

Real-time PCR (B) Signup and view all the answers

In which cell lines is Nipah virus commonly isolated?

African green monkey kidney (Vero) and rabbit kidney (RK-13) cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended method for detecting Nipah virus antigen in fixed tissues?

Immunohistochemistry (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of sanitary prophylaxis for preventing Nipah virus outbreaks in swine populations?

Strict biosecurity measures to prevent contact with fruit bats (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the current status of vaccines against Nipah virus in swine?

No vaccine exists, but experiments in cats show promise (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why is Nipah virus classified as a CDC Category C Bioterrorism Agent?

It has potential for high morbidity and mortality, aerosolization, and social disruption (C) Signup and view all the answers

Canine distemper virus (CDV) belongs to which genus?

Morbillivirus (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following animal families can be infected by canine distemper virus?

Canidae, Procyonidae, Mustelidae, and Felidae (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which lineage of canine distemper virus is currently circulating in raccoons in the USA?

America-1 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical sign of mild canine distemper virus infection?

Coughing, labored breath (B), Inappetence, fever, and serous or mucopurulent nasal discharge (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are the severe generalized distemper clinical signs noted?

Fever, inflammation of upper respiratory tract (serous or mucupurulent nasal discharges), conjunctivitis and leukopenia Signup and view all the answers

Unvaccinated puppies older than 6 weeks of age can be infected with canine distemper and develop disease

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common clinical sign of canine distemper in puppies?

Arthritis (D) Signup and view all the answers

Canine distemper virus: Secondary bacterial infections lead to necrosis of the lungs

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a good prognostic sign in puppies with canine distemper?

Vesicular and pustular dermatitis (B) Signup and view all the answers

When do neurological signs typically appear after the onset of acute signs in canine distemper?

1-3 weeks (B) Signup and view all the answers

Canine Distemper virus: CNS signs are __ and indicated prognosis

Progressive; poor Signup and view all the answers

Some dogs with CNS signs will sometimes have : ____________ due to epithelial cell damage by virus (canine distemper)

Hyperkeratosis of footpads and nose (A) Signup and view all the answers

How is canine distemper primarily transmitted?

Through direct contact, droplets, and aerosols (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which age group of puppies is most susceptible to canine distemper virus infection?

4-6 months (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which cells does the canine distemper virus initially infect and replicate in?

Macrophages in the upper respiratory tract (B) Signup and view all the answers

As the canine distemper virus replicates in the URT of macrophages, it will spread to _ and

Tonsils, lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

What receptor does canine distemper virus use to infect cells?

CD150 (SLAM) (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of viraemia in canine distemper virus infection?

The virus enters the bloodstream and infects T and B cells, leading to immunosuppression. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic method involves culturing lymphocytes with a cell line expressing CD150

Virus isolation (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diagnostic tests is commonly used to detect canine distemper virus?

RT-PCR (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of sample can be used for RT-PCR testing in suspected canine distemper cases?

Conjunctival swabs, urine, and epithelial tissue scrapings Signup and view all the answers

What is the most effective way to prevent canine distemper virus infection in puppies?

Vaccination with a modified-live vaccine (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an effective control measure for preventing the spread of canine distemper virus?

Isolation and quarantine of infected dogs (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why should puppies receive multiple vaccine doses against canine distemper?

To ensure maternal antibodies do not interfere with the immune response (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of administering hyperimmune serum in canine distemper virus infection?

It may help provide immediate protection after exposure to the virus (B) Signup and view all the answers