परमाणु संरचना और गुण
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Questions and Answers

घोल होमोज़ीनिस मिश्रण होते हैं, जिसमें दो या दो से अधिक पदार्थ होते हैं।

True

PH का माप H+ आयनों की मात्रा को दर्शाता है।

True

सक्रियता ऊर्जा एक अवांछित प्रतिक्रिया की दर को बढ़ाने के लिए आवश्यक है।

False

न्यूक्लियर रासायनिक प्रतिक्रियाएँ परमाणु के नाभिक से संबंधित होती हैं।

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

सकारात्मक ऊर्जा परिवर्तन प्रतिक्रिया की स्वतंत्रता को दर्शाता है।

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

परमाणु में प्रोटोन और इलेक्ट्रॉन होते हैं, जबकि न्यूट्रॉन की कोई आवेश नहीं होती है।

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

आवरण इलेक्ट्रॉनों का संरेखण परमाणु के भीतर इलेक्ट्रॉन के ऊर्जा स्तरों और उप-स्तरों में होता है।

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

आधारभूत तत्वों को आवर्त सारणी में उनके न्यूट्रॉन की संख्या के आधार पर व्यवस्थित किया जाता है।

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

धातु तत्वों के बीच आइओनिक बंधन इलेक्ट्रॉनों के साझा करने से बनता है।

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

ठोस, तरल और गैस तीन मौलिक अवस्थाएँ हैं।

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Atomic Structure and Properties

  • Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter, composed of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, and electrons orbiting the nucleus.
  • Protons have a positive charge, electrons have a negative charge, and neutrons have no charge.
  • Atomic number represents the number of protons in an atom's nucleus.
  • Mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
  • Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
  • Atomic mass is the weighted average of the masses of all isotopes of an element.
  • Electron configuration describes the arrangement of electrons in different energy levels and sublevels within an atom.
  • Elements are arranged in the periodic table based on their atomic number and properties.
  • Periodic trends include electronegativity, ionization energy, atomic radius, and metallic character, which change across periods and down groups.
  • Valence electrons are electrons in the outermost energy level, determining an element's chemical reactivity.

Chemical Bonding

  • Chemical bonds hold atoms together in molecules and compounds.
  • Ionic bonds form between metals and nonmetals due to the transfer of electrons.
  • Covalent bonds form between nonmetals due to the sharing of electrons.
  • Metallic bonds involve a "sea" of electrons shared among metal atoms.
  • Molecules are groups of atoms held together by covalent bonds.
  • Molecular geometry describes the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule, impacting its properties.

Chemical Reactions

  • Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms to form new substances.
  • Reactants are the substances that undergo change, and products are the substances formed.
  • Chemical equations describe the reactions, with reactants on the left and products on the right.
  • Coefficients in equations indicate the relative amounts of reactants and products.
  • Types of reactions include synthesis, decomposition, single-displacement, double-displacement, and combustion.
  • Reaction rates depend on factors like temperature, concentration, surface area, and catalysts.

States of Matter

  • Matter exists in three fundamental states: solid, liquid, and gas.
  • Solids have fixed shape and volume; liquids have fixed volume but variable shape; gases have neither fixed shape nor volume.
  • Phase transitions involve changes between these states (e.g., melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation).

Solutions

  • Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances.
  • Solvents are the dissolving medium, and solutes are the dissolved substances.
  • Solubility describes the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature and pressure.
  • Concentration measures the amount of solute in a given amount of solution.
  • Colligative properties of solutions depend on the number of solute particles, not their identity (e.g., vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression).

Acids and Bases

  • Acids and bases are characterized by their ability to donate or accept protons (H+ ions).
  • pH measures the concentration of H+ ions, indicating acidity or basicity.
  • Strong acids and bases ionize completely in water, while weak acids and bases only partially ionize.
  • Neutralization reactions occur when acids and bases react to form water and a salt.

Thermodynamics

  • Thermodynamics deals with energy changes in chemical and physical processes.
  • Enthalpy (ΔH) measures the heat absorbed or released during a reaction.
  • Entropy (ΔS) represents the disorder or randomness of a system.
  • Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG) determines the spontaneity of a reaction.

Kinetics

  • Chemical kinetics studies the rates of chemical reactions.
  • Reaction mechanisms detail the steps involved in a reaction.
  • Activation energy is the minimum energy needed for a reaction to occur.
  • Catalysts increase reaction rates by lowering the activation energy.

Nuclear Chemistry

  • Nuclear chemistry focuses on reactions involving atomic nuclei.
  • Radioactive decay involves the spontaneous disintegration of unstable atomic nuclei.
  • Nuclear reactions produce significant amounts of energy, as seen in nuclear power and nuclear weapons.

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यह क्विज़ परमाणु संरचना और उसमें मौजूद प्रोटॉनों, न्यूट्रॉनों और इलेक्ट्रॉनों के बारे में ज्ञान का परीक्षण करता है। इसमें परमाणु संख्या, द्रव्यमान संख्या, आइसोटोप्स और इलेक्ट्रॉन कॉन्फ़िगरेशन जैसी अवधारणाएँ शामिल हैं। हर एक तत्व की विशेषताओं और उसके उपलब्ध स्थलों का अध्ययन करें।

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