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Questions and Answers
What is a necessary requirement for efficient implementation of a NUMA system?
What is a necessary requirement for efficient implementation of a NUMA system?
- Specialized software library
- Hardware support (correct)
- Message passing model
- Shared address space
What is a characteristic of the message passing model of communication?
What is a characteristic of the message passing model of communication?
- Threads operate within a shared address space
- Threads communicate by sending and receiving messages (correct)
- Threads operate on a first-come-first-served basis
- Threads can access any address in the system
What is the primary advantage of using the message passing model?
What is the primary advantage of using the message passing model?
- It allows for more efficient use of memory
- It enables the connection of commodity systems to form a large parallel machine (correct)
- It is a more straightforward way to implement parallelism
- It is more scalable than other parallel models
How do threads communicate in the message passing model?
How do threads communicate in the message passing model?
What is a popular software library for implementing the message passing model?
What is a popular software library for implementing the message passing model?
What is a key difference between the shared address space model and the message passing model?
What is a key difference between the shared address space model and the message passing model?
What is a potential disadvantage of using the NUMA architecture?
What is a potential disadvantage of using the NUMA architecture?
What is a key advantage of the message passing model?
What is a key advantage of the message passing model?
What is a characteristic of the NUMA architecture?
What is a characteristic of the NUMA architecture?
What is a key challenge in implementing the message passing model?
What is a key challenge in implementing the message passing model?
What is the characteristic of the data-parallel model?
What is the characteristic of the data-parallel model?
What is the foreach construct equivalent to in the data-parallel model?
What is the foreach construct equivalent to in the data-parallel model?
What is the main characteristic of the shared address space model?
What is the main characteristic of the shared address space model?
What is the significance of the Connection Machine (CM-1, CM-2) in the history of parallel computing?
What is the significance of the Connection Machine (CM-1, CM-2) in the history of parallel computing?
What is the benefit of using the data-parallel model in MATLAB?
What is the benefit of using the data-parallel model in MATLAB?
What is the significance of the Cray supercomputers in the history of parallel computing?
What is the significance of the Cray supercomputers in the history of parallel computing?
What is the main advantage of using SPMD programming in the data-parallel model?
What is the main advantage of using SPMD programming in the data-parallel model?
What is the main difference between the data-parallel model and the message-passing model?
What is the main difference between the data-parallel model and the message-passing model?
What is the primary mechanism of communication in the shared address space model?
What is the primary mechanism of communication in the shared address space model?
What is the purpose of synchronization primitives in the shared address space model?
What is the purpose of synchronization primitives in the shared address space model?
How do threads communicate in the shared address space model?
How do threads communicate in the shared address space model?
What is an example of a shared variable in the shared address space model?
What is an example of a shared variable in the shared address space model?
Why is the shared address space model a natural extension of sequential programming?
Why is the shared address space model a natural extension of sequential programming?
What is the role of locks in the shared address space model?
What is the role of locks in the shared address space model?
How do threads access shared variables in the shared address space model?
How do threads access shared variables in the shared address space model?
What is a characteristic of the shared address space model?
What is a characteristic of the shared address space model?
What is the purpose of the shared address space model?
What is the purpose of the shared address space model?
What is a benefit of using the shared address space model?
What is a benefit of using the shared address space model?
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Study Notes
Parallel Programming Models
- There are three models of communication: Shared Address Space, Message Passing, and Data-Parallel.
Shared Address Space Model
- Threads communicate by reading and writing to shared variables.
- Shared variables are like a big bulletin board, where any thread can read or write to shared variables.
- Synchronization primitives are also shared variables, such as locks.
- Threads communicate implicitly through memory operations.
- This model is a natural extension of sequential programming, but requires hardware support to implement efficiently.
Message Passing Model
- Threads operate within their own private address spaces.
- Threads communicate by sending and receiving messages.
- A message includes a recipient, a buffer to be transmitted, and an optional message identifier (or "tag").
- Sending messages is the only way to exchange data between threads.
- Message passing is a programming model for clusters, where commodity systems can be connected to form a large parallel machine.
Data-Parallel Model
- The model imposes a very rigid computation structure, where programs perform the same function on different data elements in a collection.
- Historically, it was used for SIMD (Single Instruction, Multiple Data) supercomputers and vector processors.
- Today, it often takes the form of SPMD (Single Program, Multiple Data) programming, where a function is applied to each element of a collection independently.
- Synchronization is implicit at the end of the map (or loop).
- Examples include Matlab and ISPC (Intermediate-Scale Parallel Computing).
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