Pancreas and Diabetes Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a genetic factor contributing to the disease?

Genetic predisposition (correct)

Excess weight

High blood pressure

Inactivity

What is considered a major lifestyle risk factor for the disease?

Age

Family medical history

Inactivity (correct)

Genetic illness

Which combination of factors significantly increases the likelihood of developing the disease?

Inactivity and allergies

High blood pressure and family history

Excess weight and poor diet (correct)

Excess weight and age

Which factor is NOT listed as a major risk factor related to lifestyle for the disease?

Cholesterol levels (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is primarily a lifestyle factor and NOT genetic?

Excess weight (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reported effect of bitter melon?

Antidepressant (B) Signup and view all the answers

What side effect may occur due to high doses of bitter melon juice?

Abdominal pain and diarrhea (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following effects of bitter melon is primarily associated with its potential use for weight management?

For weight loss (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which outcome is regarded as a positive benefit of bitter melon?

Assisting in weight loss (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of consuming excessive amounts of bitter melon juice?

Gastrointestinal discomfort (C) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage range of pregnant women typically experiences carbohydrate intolerance?

5.5 to 8.8% (C) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to carbohydrate intolerance after childbirth for most women?

It usually returns to normal. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What significant risk do mothers face after experiencing carbohydrate intolerance during pregnancy?

An increased risk of permanent diabetes. (B) Signup and view all the answers

After pregnancy, how does carbohydrate intolerance typically affect the long-term health of a mother?

It indicates a potential for permanent diabetes. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about carbohydrate intolerance in pregnant women is accurate?

It generally resolves after childbirth but may indicate future diabetes risk. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dosage range for standardized root extract of isoflavones per day?

100-300 mg/day (A) Signup and view all the answers

How is the crude powder of the extract typically administered?

In a decoction or capsule form (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum recommended daily dosage for tincture (1:5 in 45% ethanol)?

2-4 mL, 2-3 times daily (A) Signup and view all the answers

If a person is prescribed crude powder, how much should they take daily?

5-10 g/day (A) Signup and view all the answers

How many doses of the standardized root extract should be taken per day?

2-3 doses (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pancreas as an exocrine gland?

Supplying digestive enzymes to the duodenum for food breakdown (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nutrients does the pancreas aid in breaking down through its secreted enzymes?

Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the digestive enzymes supplied by the pancreas in the duodenum?

To break down food into smaller molecules (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the pancreas's exocrine function?

It utilizes ducts to transport digestive enzymes to the gastrointestinal tract. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs in the duodenum as a result of the pancreatic exocrine secretions?

Enzymatic breakdown of food components into absorbable units. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why should diabetics exercise caution when using bitter melon along with hypoglycemic drugs?

Bitter melon can enhance the effects of these drugs, risking severe hypoglycemia. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk for diabetics combining insulin with bitter melon?

Severe hypoglycemia due to the potentiation of insulin effects. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored closely by diabetics using bitter melon with medication?

Blood sugar levels to avoid hypoglycemia. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about bitter melon and its interactions with diabetes medications is true?

Using bitter melon may enhance the hypoglycemic effects of diabetes medications. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What can be a serious consequence of taking bitter melon for diabetics who are on insulin therapy?

Experiencing severe hypoglycemia. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pancreas Overview

The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions
The exocrine gland supplies digestive enzymes to the duodenum crucial for breaking down proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids.
The endocrine gland, the islets of Langerhans (3% of the gland), secretes hormones, including insulin and glucagon for blood sugar control.

Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus is a collection of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia.
Normal fasting blood glucose levels are 70-110 mg/ml.
Normal postprandial blood glucose levels are 120-170 mg/ml.
Chronic hyperglycemia can damage various organs including eyes, kidneys, nerves, and heart which could lead to cardiovascular complications.
Diabetes develops from inadequate hormone secretion (insulin), inadequate response of target cells to insulin, or both.

Symptoms of Diabetes

The symptoms of diabetes include: always thirsty, always hungry, wounds that won't heal, always tired, blurry vision, sudden weight loss, frequent urination,sexual problems, vaginal infections, numb or tingling hands or feet.

Complications of Diabetes

Possible complications include damage to cardiovascular system, peripheral artery disease, stroke, heart attack, diabetic nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy, diabetic foot, glaucoma, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy.

Testing for Diabetes

Common tests for diabetes include fasting plasma glucose test (FPG) which is quick and inexpensive, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) which is done after consuming a glucose-rich drink, and glycated hemoglobin test (A1C) which measures average blood sugar levels over time.

Types of Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes (previously known as insulin-dependent diabetes) is an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
Type 1 diabetes can affect people of any age, but most commonly occurs under 40. It is influenced by environmental factors, such as viral infections, diet, and chemicals, in genetically predisposed individuals.
Type 2 diabetes (previously known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes) is characterized by insulin resistance and/or relative insulin deficiency. It is more common and affects 85-90% of those diagnosed with diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes is strongly influenced by genetics but lifestyle factors including excess weight, inactivity, high blood pressure, and poor diet can contribute to its development.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is carbohydrate intolerance that is typically diagnosed during pregnancy. About 5.5-8.8% of pregnant women develop gestational diabetes.

Treatment for Type 1 Diabetes

Insulin injections several times a day
Careful diet control
Regular exercise

Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes

Dietary changes
Exercise routine
Tablets (oral medication)
Insulin injections (in some circumstances)

Other Herbal Options for Diabetes

Various plants have been studied for their possible anti-diabetic properties.
Examples include: bitter melon, onion and garlic, fenugreek, cinnamon, white mulberry, olive leaf, black seed etc.

Conclusion

In addition to medications and lifestyle changes, many herbal remedies may provide complementary and supportive treatment for diabetes management.

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Description

This quiz covers the anatomy and functions of the pancreas, including its roles in digestion and hormone regulation. It also explores Diabetes Mellitus, its symptoms, and the impact of hyperglycemia on health. Test your knowledge on these essential topics in human physiology and pathology.