Paint Types and Applications

• Paints are categorized into oil, alkyd, resin-emulsion (latex), acrylic, elastomeric, metallic, luminescent, and polyester-epoxy coatings.

Exterior Paint Finishes

• Flat: Non-reflective, hides imperfections, low durability, best for low-traffic areas.

• Eggshell: Minimal shine, covers imperfections, medium durability, suitable for medium-traffic areas.

• Satin: Soft, pearl-like finish, easy to clean, medium durability, good for moderate to high-traffic areas.

• Semi-Gloss: Low gloss, mildew/moisture/wear resistant, high durability, ideal for high-traffic areas.

• Gloss: Shiny, glass-like finish, very durable, easy to clean, highlights imperfections.

• Grouting involves injecting fluid-like material into voids to improve structural integrity, load-bearing capacity, and stability.

Adhesives

• Non-structural adhesives have lower strength requirements, while structural adhesives are for structural parts.
• Common types: epoxy, structural polyurethane, silicones, and structural acrylics.

Painting Tools

• Brushes must hold enough paint for adequate coverage.

• The paint should not be too runny or drip.

• Polyester-epoxy coatings are heavy-bodied paints for concrete and masonry, consisting of a high-solids vinyl filler and a pigmented polyester epoxy topcoat.

Sealers

• Sealers fill, blend stain, stiffen wood grain, and ease sanding.

• They bond wood to finishing coats.

• Shellac is a common sealer, thinned to 2-4lb cut depending on the topcoat.

• Geotextiles reinforce subsoil, control pavement cracking, and provide drainage/strength over soft soils.

• Geotextile fibers can increase the durability of turf in playing fields.

Aggregates

• Cleanliness: Free of clay, silt, mica, and organic matter.
• Soundness: Dimensionally stable under temperature/moisture changes.
• Gradation: Size distribution achieved via sieves.

Bitumens

• Act as protective agents in roofing/siding, waterproofing/dampproofing, vapor barriers, adhesives, and aggregate binders.
• Asphalt solvents:
  • Gasoline: Rapid curing.
  • Kerosene: Medium curing.
  • Heavier fuel oil: Slow curing.

Soil Physical Properties

• Shrinkage/swell is related to capillary tensile stress from water content.
• Cohesion is the ability of soil to bind when dry.

Soil Properties & Site Engineering

• Erodibility is the soil's resistance to wind/water erosion.
• Urban sites often have varying soil types (spatial variability).

Site Applications - Filtration

• Prevents piping (fine soil particles passing through fabric) by using fabrics with small enough openings to retain soil but allow drainage.

Site Applications - Erosion Control

• Geotextiles should be non-biodegradable if exposed to water.

Erosion Control Functions

• Geotextiles reduce soil erosion by reducing surface runoff velocity.
• Fabrics can be durable artificial fibers, natural fibers, or a combination.
• Permeable fabric covered by aggregate minimizes erosion along coastlines/waterways.
• Fabric fences serve as windbreaks.

Paint Application Methods

• Brush, dip, hand roller, decorative roller, cup gun spray, pressure fed spray, airless spray, hot airless spray.

• Luminescent paint is made with fluorescent/phosphorescent pigments for special effects in various buildings.

• Silicone water repellent protects non-painted concrete, synthetics, rubble, brick, and wash-out finishes from water absorption, moss, alkali, and fungi.

Site Applications - Reinforcement

• Geotextiles prevent cracks in old pavements from reflecting in new overlays by bridging the cracks and supporting loads.

Basic Geotextile Functions

• Separation, reinforcement, filtration (drainage), erosion control, formwork.

• Geomats are made of plastic or organic fibers (often coconut) and are used for slope protection with vegetation.

Site Applications - Reinforcement

• 3-D geotextiles reinforce turf areas by distributing loads to the subgrade, preventing compaction/abrasion.
• Installed with topsoil and seeding/sodding.

Soil Classification (United Soil Classification System)

• Coarse-grained: Less than 50% passes through a #200 sieve (0.075mm).
• Fine-grained: More than 50% passes through a #200 sieve (0.075mm).
• Organic soil: Identified visually.

Soil Properties & Site Engineering

• Compressibility/compaction is crucial in construction.
• Bearing strength is the soil's ability to support a load, affected by water, loading rate/time, and pressure.
• Drainage consists of runoff, internal drainage, permeability/porosity.
• Slope affects runoff volume and rate; permeability/porosity also affect rate.

Soil Types

• Silt: Between sand and clay in size, non-sticky, floury when dry, slippery when wet.
• Loam: ~40% sand, ~40% silt, ~20% clay, contains more nutrients/moisture/humus than sandy soils, with better drainage.

Site Applications - Reinforcement

• Geotextile tiebacks anchor retaining wall facing units.

• Metallic paint consists of metallic pigment flakes and a vehicle.

• Pigments include: aluminum, copper, bronze, zinc, or tin.

Site Applications - Separation

• Geotextiles separate drainage media from planting soil in planters or structural plantings.

Soil Physical Properties

• Texture: Particle size classification.
• Color: Indicates maturity, source, and characteristics.
• Density/bulk volume: Total volume of solids and voids.
• Capillarity: Upward water movement in fine-textured soil.
• Permeability: Water transmission downward.
• Percolation test: Measures soil permeability.
  • Sandy Soil: 1-8+ inches per hour
  • Loamy Soil: 1.02-2.41 inches per hour
  • Clay: 0.02-0.17 inches per hour