Questions and Answers
Which receptors are included in the opioid receptors?
Mu, Delta, Kappa
Which of the following opioid receptors is not included in the list provided in the text?
Sigma
What systems do opioids have various effects on?
Cardiovascular, Digestive, Immune
Which body systems are affected by opioids according to the text?
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Which of the following is not a non-opioid medication?
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Which of the following is not a non-opioid medication mentioned in the text?
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What is the general treatment strategy for pain management provided by WHO Analgesics Ladder?
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What is the purpose of the WHO Analgesics Ladder?
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Which type of medication can be used to treat neuropathic pain according to the text?
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Which medications can be used to treat neuropathic pain?
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What do local anesthetics block?
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What is the mechanism of action of local anesthetics?
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What are the mechanisms of pain modulation mentioned in the text?
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What do general anesthetics activate?
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What are the mechanisms of pain modulation?
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What is the potential harm of chronic pain according to the text?
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What can be used to treat chronic pain?
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What are prostaglandins synthesized by?
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What is used as a substrate to synthesize prostaglandins by COX1 and COX2?
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When is COX-2 induced according to the text?
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Which of the following is not a non-opioid medication used for pain management according to the text?
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When is COX-2 induced?
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What is the purpose of the WHO Analgesics Ladder according to the text?
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Which medication is not included in the non-opioid medication category?
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Study Notes
- Opioid receptors include Mu, Delta, and Kappa.
- Opioids have various effects on the CNS, CV system, and GI system.
- Non-opioid medication includes NSAIDs, anticonvulsants, and tricyclic antidepressants.
- WHO Analgesics Ladder provides a general treatment strategy for pain management.
- Neuropathic pain can be treated with anticonvulsants or tricyclic antidepressants.
- Local anesthetics block sodium channels, while general anesthetics activate inhibitory receptors.
- Peripheral sensitization and central sensitization are mechanisms of pain modulation.
- Chronic pain can be maladaptive and treated with anticonvulsants and antidepressants.
- Prostaglandins are synthesized by COX1 and COX2 using arachidonic acid as a substrate.
- COX-2 is induced during inflammation.
