PHARM CH. 11 & 12
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Questions and Answers

A patient diagnosed with migraine headache is experiencing what type of pain?

  • Vascular pain (correct)
  • Phantom pain
  • Persistent pain
  • Acute pain

An 18-year-old basketball player fell and twisted his ankle during a game. Which type of analgesic is he likely to be given?

  • An opioid antagonist, such as naloxone hydrochloride (Suboxone®)
  • A non-opioid analgesic, such as tramadol (correct)
  • An opium alkaloid, such as morphine sulphate
  • A synthetic opioid, such as meperidine hydrochloride

A patient is in the recovery room following abdominal surgery. He is groggy but reports severe pain around his incision. What is the most important factor for the nurse to consider during her patient assessment before administering a dose of morphine sulphate?

  • Appearance of the incision
  • Time of last bowel movement
  • Respiration rate (correct)
  • Temperature

A 78-year-old patient is in the recovery room after lengthy hip surgery. While gradually awakening, the patient requests pain medication. Within 10 minutes after receiving a dose of morphine sulphate, the patient is very lethargic; respiration is shallow, at a rate of nine respirations per minute. What necessary action may the nurse need to perform?

<p>Administration of naloxone, an opioid reversal agent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient will be discharged with a 1-week supply of an opioid analgesic for pain management after his abdominal surgery. What should the nurse teach this patient in regard to this drug?

<p>How to prevent constipation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient has been taking an opioid for a long time, saying that the dose being used is not helping as much, and says that taking more medication is needed for the same pain relief. What is this patient experiencing?

<p>Opioid tolerance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A 38-year-old male has arrived at the urgent care centre with severe hip pain after falling from a ladder at work. He has taken several pain pills over the past few hours but cannot remember how many he has taken. He hands the nurse an empty bottle of acetaminophen (Tylenol®). What is the most serious toxic effect of acute acetaminophen overdose?

<p>Hepatic necrosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The drug pentazocine (Talwin®) is a narcotic agonist-antagonist. Which statement describes a characteristic of this type of medication?

<p>It has a lower addiction potential than opiate narcotics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A 57-year-old patient has been on a transdermal narcotic analgesic as part of the management of pain for end-stage breast cancer. Lately, she has experienced "breakthrough" pain. How should this pain be addressed?

<p>The baseline dose of the narcotic may need to be increased in increments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which situation is the herb feverfew commonly used?

<p>Headaches (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is to receive acetylcysteine as part of treatment for an acetaminophen overdose. Which action by the nurse is appropriate when administering this medication?

<p>Disguising the flavour with a soft drink or flavoured water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pain associated with peripheral neuropathy is best treated with what type of drug?

<p>Anticonvulsants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient has been diagnosed with shingles and is experiencing postherpetic neuralgia. What would the nurse expect to administer for pain relief?

<p>Transdermal lidocaine (EMLA®) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After piercing a finger with a fish hook during a fishing trip, a patient is now at an emergency department to have the hook removed. What type of anaesthesia will be used for this procedure?

<p>Infiltration of the area with tetracaine hydrochloride (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is to receive local anaesthesia for removal of a lymph node from the groin. Why does the physician add epinephrine to the local anaesthetic during the preparation?

<p>Vasoconstrictive effects keep the anaesthetic at its local site of action. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the postoperative recovery period, what should be the nurse's immediate main concern?

<p>Airway, breathing, and circulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

While monitoring a patient who had surgery under general anaesthesia 2 hours earlier, the nurse notes a sudden elevation in body temperature. What does this sudden elevation in body temperature indicate?

<p>Malignant hyperthermia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which individual is at high risk for an altered response to anaesthesia?

<p>A 78-year-old female who is to have her gallbladder removed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing diagnosis is most applicable to a patient who is undergoing general anaesthesia?

<p>Impaired gas exchange related to central nervous system (CNS) depression produced by general anaesthesia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When administering a neuromuscular drug such as pancuronium, what does the nurse need to remember?

<p>Patients will require artificial mechanical ventilation because of paralyzed respiratory muscles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient has been given succinylcholine (Quelicin®) after a severe injury that necessitated controlled ventilation. The physician now wants to reverse the paralysis. The nurse would expect to use which drug to reverse the succinylcholine?

<p>neostigmine methylsulphate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is being prepared for an oral endoscopy, and the nurse reminds him that he will be awake during the procedure but probably will not remember it. What type of anaesthetic technique is used in this situation?

<p>Procedural sedation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom may occur if a patient is taking ginger and requires an anaesthetic?

<p>Increased risk of bleeding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a neuromuscular blocking drug is given, the effects occur in a certain order. Put the following drug effects in the proper order of occurrence

<p>Weakness = First Total flaccid paralysis = Second Cessation of respirations due to paralysis of diaphragm and intercostal muscles = Third</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nalbupine ( nubbin) is a partial opioid agonist. What characterizes this type of medication.

<p>Used for moderate to severe pain (B), Used for short term condition (D), Sometimes used in those who have a history of opiod addiction (@)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Vascular Pain

Pain originating from vascular tissues; common in migraine headaches.

Analgesic for Ankle Injury

Non-opioid analgesics (like NSAIDs) are often used for pain originating from muscles, ligaments, and joints.

Post-operative Pain Assessment (Opioids)

Monitor respiration rate; opioids can cause respiratory depression.

Naloxone (Narcan)

Used to reverse the effects of acute opioid overdose, especially respiratory depression.

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Opioid Analgesics Patient Teaching

Constipation is a common side effect of opioid analgesics.

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Opioid Tolerance

Requires larger doses of an opioid to achieve the same pain relief.

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Acetaminophen (Tylenol) Toxicity

Most serious toxic effect is hepatic necrosis (liver damage).

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Narcotic Agonist-Antagonist

Lower addiction potential than opiate narcotics.

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Addressing Breakthrough Pain

Baseline dose of the narcotic may need to be increased.

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Feverfew Uses

Commonly used for headaches, especially migraine headaches.

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Acetylcysteine Administration

Disguise the flavour; acetylcysteine tastes like rotten eggs.

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Anticonvulsants for Pain

Pain associated with peripheral neuropathy.

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Transdermal Lidocaine for Shingles

Indicated for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia.

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Nalbuphine (Nubain) Characteristics

Used for moderate to severe pain (short-term) and in those with a hx of opioid addicition.

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Infiltration Anesthesia

Involves injecting the local anesthetic solution intradermally, subcutaneously, or submucosally across the path of nerves supplying the area to be anesthetized.

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Local Anesthesia and Epinephrine

Vasoconstrictive effects keep the anesthetic at its local site of action.

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Postoperative Recovery Concerns

Airway, breathing, and circulation

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Malignant Hyperthermia

Indicates malignant hyperthermia, a life-threatening emergency.

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Risk Factors for Anesthesia Response

Elderly patients have a higher risk of altered response due to effects of aging on organ systems.

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Nursing Diagnosis for Anesthesia

Impaired gas exchange related to CNS depression produced by general anesthesia.

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Neuromuscular Blocking Agents (NMBAs)

Patients will require artificial mechanical ventilation because of paralyzed respiratory muscles.

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Reversing Paralysis

Neostigmine methylsulphate

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Oral Endoscopy Anesthetic

Procedural sedation effectively reduces patient anxiety sensitivity to pain and reall of the medical procedure yet it preserves the patient's ability to maintain his or her own airway and to respons to vertical commands.

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Risks of Ginger

The patient who has taking ginger is at a increased risk of bleeding.

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Order of Effect on Neuromuscular Blocking Agents (1)

Muscle weakness.

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Order of Effect on Neuromuscular Blocking Agents (2)

Total flaccid paralysis.

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Order of Effect on Neuromuscular Blocking Agents (3)

Cessation of respirations due to paralysis of diaphragm intercostal muscles

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Study Notes

  • These study notes cover topics related to pain management, analgesics, and anesthesia.

Pain Types and Migraines

  • Vascular pain is associated with migraine headaches, originating from vascular or perivascular tissues.
  • Vascular pain is persistent and recurring, lasting 3-6 months.
  • Acute pain is sudden and subsides when treated.
  • Phantom pain occurs in removed body parts and is described as burning, itching, tingling, or stabbing, also possibly occurring in paralyzed limbs after spinal cord injury.

Analgesic Use for Injuries

  • Non-opioid analgesics like NSAIDs are effective for pain from skeletal muscles, ligaments, and joints due to their analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects.

Opioid Considerations

  • Respiratory depression is a serious side effect of opioids, requiring assessment before morphine administration.
  • Naloxone is an opioid reversal agent used for acute opioid overdose and opioid-induced respiratory depression.
  • Common adverse effects of opioid analgesics include nausea, vomiting, and constipation.

Opioid Tolerance and Addiction

  • Opioid tolerance involves needing larger doses for the same analgesic effect with long-term use.
  • Opioid agonist-antagonist drugs like pentazocine generally pose a lower addiction potential than opiate narcotics.

Breakthrough Pain Management

  • For breakthrough pain, the baseline dose of the narcotic may need to be increased

Feverfew

  • Feverfew is an herb commonly used for migraine headaches, menstrual problems, arthritis, and fever.

Acetylcysteine

  • Acetylcysteine has a flavour of rotten eggs and is better tolerated when disguised by mixing it with a soft drink or flavoured water.

Adjuvant Analgesics

  • Anticonvulsants are used as adjuvants for neuropathic pain to enhance analgesic efficacy.

Postherpetic Neuralgia

  • Transdermal lidocaine is indicated for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia, a painful skin condition that remains after a skin outbreak of shingles.

Partial Opioid Agonists

  • Partial opioid agonists such as nalbuphine are used for moderate to severe pain.
  • Partial opioid agonists are require short-term pain control in conditions such as after surgery.
  • Partial opioid agonists are sometimes chosen for patients with a history of opioid addiction.

Anesthesia

  • Infiltration anesthesia involves injecting local anesthetic solution for minor surgical procedures.
  • Epinephrine is co-administered with local anesthetics to keep the anesthetic at its local site of action and prevent systemic absorption.
  • Postoperative recovery main concerns are assessing airway, breathing, and circulation.
  • A sudden elevation in body temperature during the postoperative period may indicate malignant hyperthermia, a life-threatening emergency.
  • Older adults are at higher risk for altered responses to anesthesia due to effects of aging on the hepatic, cardiac, respiratory, and renal systems.

General Anesthesia

  • Impaired gas exchange related to CNS depression produced by general anesthesia is the appropriate nursing diagnosis.
  • Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) require artificial mechanical ventilation because of paralyzed respiratory muscles.
  • The antidote for NMBAs such as succinylcholine is neostigmine methylsulphate.

Procedural Sedation

  • Procedural sedation reduces anxiety and pain sensitivity while preserving the patient's ability to maintain their airway and respond to commands.

Ginger

  • A patient taking ginger and requiring anesthesia is at an increased risk of bleeding.
  • The effects of neuromuscular blocking drugs occur in a sequence of weakness, total flaccid paralysis, and then cessation of respirations due to paralysis of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

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Description

Study notes covering pain management, analgesics, and anesthesia. Topics include vascular and phantom pain, acute pain treatment, and non-opioid analgesics like NSAIDs for musculoskeletal pain. Also covers opioid side effects and reversal agents.

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