Pain: Integrated Neuroscience and Psychology

Questions and Answers

What percentage of employees feel stressed according to the YouGov survey in 2015?

29% (correct)

17%

24%

30%

What is the estimated cost to employers of mental health problems in a year?

1.4 billion

3.4 billion

2.4 billion (correct)

4.4 billion

Which nervous system is activated in response to stress?

Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic Nervous System (correct)

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Central Nervous System

What is the term for the coordinated system that includes the Autonomic Nervous System and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis?

Neuroendocrine System Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the neurotransmitter released in the neuron terminals when an individual is stressed and anxious?

Noradrenaline Signup and view all the answers

According to the psychology perspective, what happens when demands exceed a person's resources to cope?

Stress response is triggered Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for external or internal events that trigger stress responses?

Stressors Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of work days lost to mental health problems?

70 million Signup and view all the answers

What is stress defined as?

Any type of change that causes physical, emotional or psychological strain Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a positive outcome of short-term stress?

Approaching exam challenges Signup and view all the answers

What is a long-term effect of stress?

Burnout and physical illnesses Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of emotion-focused coping styles?

Reducing distress Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a perspective on stress?

Mathematics Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the lecture series mentioned in the content?

NBSS Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of stress response?

Sociological Signup and view all the answers

Who is the author of the content?

None of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of approach coping in healthcare practice?

Dealing with the problem Signup and view all the answers

What is the topic of the symposium mentioned in the content?

Pain: an integrated approach from neuroscience, to psychology and social science Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of CBT on physiological outcomes/mortality for people with cardiovascular disease?

Mixed Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a physical stress management technique?

Cognitive Behaviour therapy (CBT) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the module lecture content?

To discuss the definition and impact of stress Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of managing stress from a psychology perspective?

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

According to Williams et al. (2019), what is the effect of discrimination on health?

Negative Signup and view all the answers

What type of stressor is most closely related to the healthcare practice context?

Chronic Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the blood-CNS barriers?

To regulate the CNS extracellular fluid environment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the biopsychosocial model of health?

Epidemiology Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the symposium 'Pain: an integrated approach from neuroscience, to psychology and social science'?

The integrated approach to understanding pain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a health-related behavior?

Adherence to treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ascending and descending pathways in the nervous system?

To transmit sensory information Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the organisation of the nervous system?

Epidemiology Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the 'Science of Society' component of the NBSS lecture series?

The social determinants of health Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a psychological framework for understanding illness-related behaviors?

The health belief model Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Stress can be defined as any type of change that causes physical, emotional, or psychological strain.
Everyone experiences stress to some degree, but the way you respond to stress makes a big difference to your overall well-being.

Impact of Stress

Short-term stress can be positive, for example, approaching exam challenges.
Long-term stress is linked with adverse outcomes such as depression, burnout, and physical illnesses.
A YouGov survey (2015) revealed 29% of employees feel stressed, 24% anxious, and 17% depressed.
70 million work days are lost to mental health problems, costing employers 2.4 billion a year (Mental Health Foundation, 2016).

Neuroscience Perspective

Stress leads to a biological response in the body, activating the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis.
The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is comprised of the SNS and Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS), which are highly coordinated and physically interconnected.
The ANS responds to stress by increasing heart rate and releasing noradrenaline.

Psychology Perspective

Stress occurs when demands are appraised as exceeding a person's resources to cope.
Stressors can be external or internal events that trigger stress responses, varying in duration and type (acute, chronic, traumatic).
Stress responses can be cognitive, affective, behavioral, and physiological.
Coping styles can be emotion-focused (reducing distress) or problem-focused (dealing with the problem).
Approaching coping (proactive strategies) is more effective than avoidant coping in healthcare practice.

Managing Stress

Reducing arousal to stressors and enhancing coping styles can manage stress.
Physical approaches include mindfulness, relaxation exercises, and physical activity.
Psychological approaches include psychoeducation, Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), and evidence suggests CBT has moderate effect sizes across different settings.
CBT is effective for improving mood in people with cardiovascular disease, but its effects on physiological outcomes and mortality are mixed (Cochrane Review, 2014).

Race, discrimination, and health are interconnected, with discrimination affecting health outcomes.
The biopsychosocial model of health and stress takes into account biology, psychology, and social factors.

Lecture Series Overview

The lecture series covers neuroscience, behavior, and social science topics, including pain, stress, and the biopsychosocial model of health.
Specific topics include the cellular structure of the nervous system, organization of the nervous system, and the science of behavior and society.

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Description

Explore the concept of pain through an interdisciplinary approach, combining neuroscience, psychology, and social science. This lecture series covers the complexities of pain from multiple perspectives.