Questions and Answers
What is the forefoot adduction angle approximately?
20 degrees
What is the range of the angle between the trochlea surface and the neck of the talus as it reduces?
20-25 degrees
In which milestone does a child begin to regard surroundings and lift their head when prone?
1 month
At 2 months, what social behavior is commonly observed in infants?
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What is a common behavior of a 3-month-old infant?
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What development milestone is typically seen at 8 months?
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What significant achievement occurs at 12 months?
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At 18 months, how many words is a child expected to know?
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What milestone is associated with age 2 years?
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What developmental skill is typically achieved at age 5?
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What developmental tool is widely used in Australian Pediatric testing?
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What percentage of children aged 0-14 in Australia identified as male?
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The majority of Australian children live in major cities.
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How many Australian children had type 1 diabetes in 2017?
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Which of the following disabilities is most common among Australian children?
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What is the estimated percentage of children aged 4-11 who met the criteria for a mental illness?
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Less than one quarter of children aged 5-14 undertook the recommended 60 minutes of physical activity daily.
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The developing nervous system is evident when the endoderm thickens to form the ________.
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What is the first area of a bone to start ossifying called?
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Which of the following substances can cause birth defects?
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The foot begins to ________ at the ankle after 10-12 weeks of fetal development.
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The average length of the foot at birth is about 10-15 cm.
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Study Notes
Overview of Paediatrics Week 1
- Introduction to the study of children, covering various aspects of their health and development.
- Recognition of First Nations peoples and the importance of their contributions to education and research.
Prevalence of Disease in Children
- 4.7 million children in Australia (aged 0-14), comprising 19% of the Australian population.
- Gender distribution: 51% male, 49% female.
- Epidemiological data reveals that 5.9% identify as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander, and 17% live in low socio-economic areas.
- Disability prevalence: 7.4%, with higher rates in boys (9.4%) compared to girls (5.4%).
Health Statistics
- Type 1 diabetes affects over 6,500 Australian children, equating to 141 per 100,000 children.
- No national estimates for type 2 diabetes among children are currently available.
Disability Information
- Key areas impacted by disability: self-care, mobility, communication, and schooling.
- Most common disabilities:
- Intellectual disabilities: 190,000 children (4.3%).
- Sensory/speech disabilities: 140,000 children (3.2%).
- Severe disability affects approximately 177,000 children, most prevalent in ages 5-9.
Mental Health in Children
- 1 in 7 children aged 4-11 (14%) meet criteria for mental illness.
- Common mental health issues include:
- ADHD: 8.2%
- Anxiety disorders: 6.9%
Physical Activity Levels
- Only 23% of children aged 5-14 engage in the recommended 60 minutes of physical activity daily.
- 32% meet screen-based activity guidelines.
- Participation in organized sports:
- 65% of children aged 5-8.
- 78% of children aged 9-11.
- 72% of children aged 12-14.
Embryological and Foetal Development
- Significant developmental changes occur within the first four weeks post-fertilization.
- Lower limb buds appear between the 3rd and 4th weeks of embryonic development.
- Foot ossification begins early in foetal development, with structure changes evident from weeks 3-8.
Embryonic Period Key Points
- Embryonic period lasts from the 3rd week to the end of the 8th week of gestation.
- Major cellular changes form the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm layers affecting the future development of tissues and organs.
- Environmental factors (e.g., alcohol, tobacco, cannabis) during this period can lead to serious birth defects.
Foetal Development Stages
- Weeks 8-40 mark the foetal period:
- By week 9, the subtalar joint forms with calcaneus positioning.
- By week 12, foot movement begins, and nails start developing.
- Significant ossification and structural changes occur by week 24, indicating maturation.
Ontogeny of the Foot
- Development of bone involves primary and secondary ossification centers.
- The foot's embryonic development includes phases transforming mesenchyme into skeletal structures.
Key Ontogeny Concepts
- The average newborn foot length is 7-10 cm, with significant flexibility.
- By birth, specific bones are visible on X-ray: talus, calcaneus, cuboid, metatarsals, and phalanges.
- The medial longitudinal arch is present but often obscured by soft tissue in infants.
Summary of Limb Development Changes
- Angles of femur inclination decrease from 135-140 degrees at birth to around 125 degrees in adulthood.
- Tibia and fibula show angular variations with tibial varum observed in newborns.
- Foot and leg grow with increased complexity, impacting common paediatric foot problems.
Conclusion
- Week 1 covers crucial areas of children's health, development, and the significance of understanding these aspects for effective paediatric care and intervention.### Developmental Milestones Overview
- Developmental milestones show expectant normative progress, primarily consistent before age 2.
- After 2 years, variations may occur, with potential patterns indicating developmental concerns.
- Progression of skills is expected; plateauing or regression raises concerns.
Milestones by Age
- 1 Month: Spontaneous motor activity; lifts head when prone; begins to follow objects to midline.
- 2 Months: Smiles and coos socially; follows objects past midline.
- 3 Months: Good eye tracking; may wave at toys; improved head control when seated; beginning social smiles.
- 4 Months: Reaches for toys; pulls toys to mouth; laughs; improves head stability while sitting.
- 6 Months: Transfers objects between hands; rolls over; may sit briefly when placed; engages socially.
- 8 Months: Independent sitting; begins creeping; vocalizes with infant sounds; recognizes self in mirror.
- 10 Months: Crawls reciprocally; pulls up on objects; may say simple words like 'mama'.
- 12 Months: Stands alone; may walk with support; attempts to build with blocks; starts feeding self.
- 15 Months: Walks independently; climbs stairs; uses 4-5 word vocabulary; drinks from a cup.
- 18 Months: Climbs on furniture; stacks blocks; has a vocabulary of about 10 words; may start toilet training.
- 2 Years: Runs well; uses 3-word sentences; can help with clean-up; toilet trained during the daytime.
- 3 Years: Alternates feet on stairs; pedals a tricycle; uses plurals; follows simple commands; can dress with minimal help.
- 4 Years: Runs, climbs, and hops; throws and catches balls; creates drawings with body parts; counts to three.
- 5 Years: Skips; draws figures; dresses independently; knows names of multiple colors; counts beyond ten.
- 6 Years: Draws a detailed figure; repeats a series of numbers; understands time; shows strong balance in one-leg stance.
Developmental Tools
- Griffith Developmental Scales are widely used in Australian pediatric assessments.
- Movement Assessment Battery for Children (Movement ABC) is key for evaluating gross motor skills.
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts in paediatrics during your first week. Gain insights into the care and understanding of children, including cultural acknowledgments and respect for Indigenous peoples. This quiz sets the stage for your journey in paediatric medicine.
