Paediatric Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which anatomical feature greatly increases the risk of respiratory distress in infants?

Large tongue

Loose teeth

Large occiput

Small nostrils (correct)

What does cyanosis indicate in a child?

Increased blood flow to the skin

Normal vessel tone

Inadequate oxygenation of tissues (correct)

Effective oxygenation of blood

Which sign during labored inspiration indicates serious respiratory compromise in children?

Intermittent cough

Recession of nostrils (correct)

Nasal flaring

Increased respiratory rate

What can loose teeth in infants potentially cause?

Obstruction in the airway Signup and view all the answers

Mottling in an infant's skin is caused by which of the following?

Abnormal vessel tone Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant anatomical difference in infants compared to adults that affects airway management?

Narrower airways Signup and view all the answers

What condition does pallor in a child's skin indicate?

Shunting of blood away from skin Signup and view all the answers

Up to what age do children primarily breathe through their noses, which may lead to respiratory issues when obstructed?

6 months Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by acute inflammation of the airways primarily affecting wheeze, mucus plugging, and hypoxia?

Asthma Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary virus associated with bronchiolitis, especially in infants?

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vital sign changes is considered a pre-terminal sign in a seriously ill child?

Bradycardia Signup and view all the answers

At what respiratory rate should a child aged 2-5 years be considered to have tachypnoea?

More than 40 breaths per minute Signup and view all the answers

What is an expected sign in an infant diagnosed with bronchiolitis?

Reduced SP02 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main aim of the management plan for a child with bronchiolitis?

Providing respiratory support and hydration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following signs is not typically associated with respiratory illness in children?

Excessive urination Signup and view all the answers

During the pediatric primary survey, which component assesses the level of consciousness?

Disability Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about asthma is correct?

Asthma symptoms usually include wheezing and mucus plugging. Signup and view all the answers

Which sign indicates advanced respiratory illness that may require immediate intervention?

Altered mental status Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomical and Physiological Differences

Infants have larger head sizes, approximately 2/3 the size of an adult.
They have small nostrils and can experience respiratory distress if nostrils are blocked with mucus.
Their airways are smaller than adults which increases risk of foreign body airway obstruction.

Airway Differences

Infants have a large, prominent occiput.
They have small faces and narrow nostrils.
Nasal flaring is a sign of respiratory distress in infants.

P.A.T.- Circulation to Skin

Infants can exhibit pallor (white or pale skin) due to shunted blood away from the skin.
Cyanosis (blue discolouration of skin) indicates inadequate oxygenation.
Mottling (patchy discolouration of the skin, alternating between paleness and redness in the hands and feet) can be normal in infants under 2 months or exposed to cold environments.

Paediatric Primary Survey

The Paediatric Primary Survey includes: Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Expose.
The survey should be completed in under 2 minutes.

Signs of Deterioration

Increased work of breathing: this includes recession, labored breathing and tachypnea.
Cyanosis
Bradycardia
Altered mental status or drowsiness.
Hypo or hypertonia.
Dehydration or signs of shock.
Hypoglycemia.

Respiratory Illness and Emergencies

Common respiratory illnesses in children include asthma, bronchiolitis, URTIs, LRTIs, pneumonia, croup, and epiglottitis.
Tachypnea is present with all respiratory illnesses.

Asthma

Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation, wheezing, mucus plugging, hypoxia, and dehydration.
Asthma is rare in children under 5 years.
Respiratory rate:
- ≤40/min in ages 2-5 years.
- ≤30/min in ages >5 years.
Other signs of asthma include: hypotension (>110 in adults), exhaustion, and abnormal PaC0₂ (Normal range 4.6-6.0kPA)

Bronchiolitis

Bronchiolitis is an inflammation of the bronchioles.
The infection is usually caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
Bronchiolitis is most frequent in autumn and winter.
It typically presents as a coryzal baby (peak age 2-5 months) with their first wheezy episode.
Symptoms worsen in the first 72 hours before gradually improving.
Other household members may experience similar symptoms.

Bronchiolitis Signs and Symptoms

Reduced SP02 levels.
Increased respiratory rate.
Recession.
Irregular breathing.
Inspiratory crackles.
Expiratory wheeze.
Low-grade fever.
Possible apnea.

Bronchiolitis Management

The management of bronchiolitis focuses on respiratory support, feeding, and hydration.
Oxygen is administered if saturation levels are persistently low.
The initial focus is on airway and breathing, followed by transportation.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the anatomical and physiological differences in infants, focusing on airway, circulation, and signs of respiratory distress. This quiz includes vital information on the unique characteristics and primary survey elements essential for pediatric assessment.