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Questions and Answers
Which of the following lifestyle modifications is LEAST likely to directly reduce the risk of developing peripheral artery disease (PAD)?
Which of the following lifestyle modifications is LEAST likely to directly reduce the risk of developing peripheral artery disease (PAD)?
- Smoking cessation.
- Adopting a low-sodium diet. (correct)
- Managing high cholesterol levels.
- Engaging in regular physical exercise.
A patient with a history of atrial fibrillation (Afib) is prescribed amiodarone. Which of the following assessments is MOST critical to monitor regularly due to the potential adverse effects of this medication?
A patient with a history of atrial fibrillation (Afib) is prescribed amiodarone. Which of the following assessments is MOST critical to monitor regularly due to the potential adverse effects of this medication?
- Visual acuity and pulmonary function tests. (correct)
- Complete blood count (CBC).
- Serum electrolyte levels.
- Blood glucose levels.
Which combination of manifestations MOST strongly suggests a patient is experiencing a critical complication of peripheral artery disease (PAD) requiring immediate intervention?
Which combination of manifestations MOST strongly suggests a patient is experiencing a critical complication of peripheral artery disease (PAD) requiring immediate intervention?
- Leg numbness and tingling that is relieved by rest.
- Shiny skin, hair loss on the legs, and reduced pedal pulses.
- Intermittent claudication and mild edema.
- Sudden onset of severe leg pain, pulselessness, and coolness. (correct)
A patient being evaluated for orthostatic hypotension has an initial blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg while supine. After standing for two minutes, which blood pressure reading would MOST clearly indicate the presence of orthostatic hypotension?
A patient being evaluated for orthostatic hypotension has an initial blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg while supine. After standing for two minutes, which blood pressure reading would MOST clearly indicate the presence of orthostatic hypotension?
A patient's hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) result is 7.0%. Which statement BEST explains the significance of this result?
A patient's hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) result is 7.0%. Which statement BEST explains the significance of this result?
Flashcards
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
Narrowing of arteries reduces blood flow, usually to legs.
Atrial Fibrillation (Afib)
Atrial Fibrillation (Afib)
Irregular, often rapid heart rate that can increase the risk of strokes, heart failure and other heart-related complications.
Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes.
Hemoglobin A1c
Hemoglobin A1c
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Orthostatic Hypotension Check
Orthostatic Hypotension Check
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Study Notes
- Peripheral artery disease (PAD) involves narrowed arteries reducing blood flow to limbs, typically the legs.
Risk Factors for PAD
- Risk factors include smoking, diabetes, obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, increasing age, and family history of PAD or heart disease.
Atrial Fibrillation (Afib)
- Afib is an irregular, often rapid heart rhythm originating in the atria.
- Risk factors for developing Afib include age, high blood pressure, heart disease, chronic conditions (like thyroid problems or sleep apnea), and alcohol use.
PAD Complications Requiring Immediate Attention
- Acute limb ischemia is a complication requiring immediate attention.
- Manifestations include the 6 P's: Pain, Pallor, Pulselessness, Paresthesia, Paralysis, and Poikilothermia (coolness).
Metabolic Syndrome
- Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions (increased blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist, and abnormal cholesterol levels) that occur together, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.
- Risk factors include obesity, inactivity, insulin resistance, and genetic factors.
- Management involves lifestyle changes (diet, exercise), and medications to control blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar.
- Treatment interventions include weight loss, increased physical activity, and a healthy diet
Hemoglobin A1c
- Hemoglobin A1c measures average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months.
- The normal range is typically below 5.7%.
Adverse Effects of Amiodarone
- Adverse effects of amiodarone, an antiarrhythmic medication, can include thyroid problems, liver problems, lung problems, and eye problems.
Hyperthyroidism Symptoms
- Symptoms of hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) include weight loss, rapid heartbeat, sweating, and irritability.
Hypothyroidism Manifestations
- Manifestations of hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) include fatigue, weight gain, constipation, and dry skin.
DASH Diet
- The DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy products.
Orthostatic Hypotension Check
- To check for orthostatic hypotension, first have the patient lie down for 5 minutes.
- Measure blood pressure and heart rate while the patient is lying down, then have the patient stand up.
- Repeat the blood pressure and heart rate measurements after standing for 1 minute and again after 3 minutes.
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Description
This lesson covers peripheral artery disease (PAD), atrial fibrillation (Afib), and metabolic syndrome. It includes risk factors, complications of PAD, and conditions of metabolic syndrome. PAD involves narrowed arteries, while Afib is an irregular heart rhythm.
